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STDLIB
Reference Manual
Version 2.7

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Table of Contents

- STDLIB (App)
- array
  - Top of manual page
  - default/1
  - fix/1
  - foldl/3
  - foldr/3
  - from_list/1
  - from_list/2
  - from_orddict/1
  - from_orddict/2
  - get/2
  - is_array/1
  - is_fix/1
  - map/2
  - new/0
  - new/1
  - new/2
  - relax/1
  - reset/2
  - resize/1
  - resize/2
  - set/3
  - size/1
  - sparse_foldl/3
  - sparse_foldr/3
  - sparse_map/2
  - sparse_size/1
  - sparse_to_list/1
  - sparse_to_orddict/1
  - to_list/1
  - to_orddict/1
- assert.hrl
- base64
  - Top of manual page
  - encode/1
  - encode_to_string/1
  - decode/1
  - decode_to_string/1
  - mime_decode/1
  - mime_decode_to_string/1
- beam_lib
  - Top of manual page
  - all_chunks/1
  - chunks/2
  - chunks/3
  - build_module/1
  - version/1
  - md5/1
  - info/1
  - cmp/2
  - cmp_dirs/2
  - diff_dirs/2
  - strip/1
  - strip_files/1
  - strip_release/1
  - format_error/1
  - crypto_key_fun/1
  - clear_crypto_key_fun/0
- binary
  - Top of manual page
  - at/2
  - bin_to_list/1
  - bin_to_list/2
  - bin_to_list/3
  - compile_pattern/1
  - copy/1
  - copy/2
  - decode_unsigned/1
  - decode_unsigned/2
  - encode_unsigned/1
  - encode_unsigned/2
  - first/1
  - last/1
  - list_to_bin/1
  - longest_common_prefix/1
  - longest_common_suffix/1
  - match/2
  - match/3
  - matches/2
  - matches/3
  - part/2
  - part/3
  - referenced_byte_size/1
  - replace/3
  - replace/4
  - split/2
  - split/3
- c
  - Top of manual page
  - bt/1
  - c/1
  - c/2
  - cd/1
  - flush/0
  - help/0
  - i/0
  - ni/0
  - i/3
  - l/1
  - lc/1
  - ls/0
  - ls/1
  - m/0
  - m/1
  - memory/0
  - memory/1
  - nc/1
  - nc/2
  - nl/1
  - pid/3
  - pwd/0
  - q/0
  - regs/0
  - nregs/0
  - uptime/0
  - xm/1
  - y/1
  - y/2
- calendar
  - Top of manual page
  - date_to_gregorian_days/1
  - date_to_gregorian_days/3
  - datetime_to_gregorian_seconds/1
  - day_of_the_week/1
  - day_of_the_week/3
  - gregorian_days_to_date/1
  - gregorian_seconds_to_datetime/1
  - is_leap_year/1
  - iso_week_number/0
  - iso_week_number/1
  - last_day_of_the_month/2
  - local_time/0
  - local_time_to_universal_time/1
  - local_time_to_universal_time_dst/1
  - now_to_local_time/1
  - now_to_universal_time/1
  - now_to_datetime/1
  - seconds_to_daystime/1
  - seconds_to_time/1
  - time_difference/2
  - time_to_seconds/1
  - universal_time/0
  - universal_time_to_local_time/1
  - valid_date/1
  - valid_date/3
- dets
  - Top of manual page
  - all/0
  - bchunk/2
  - close/1
  - delete/2
  - delete_all_objects/1
  - delete_object/2
  - first/1
  - foldl/3
  - foldr/3
  - from_ets/2
  - info/1
  - info/2
  - init_table/2
  - init_table/3
  - insert/2
  - insert_new/2
  - is_compatible_bchunk_format/2
  - is_dets_file/1
  - lookup/2
  - match/1
  - match/2
  - match/3
  - match_delete/2
  - match_object/1
  - match_object/2
  - match_object/3
  - member/2
  - next/2
  - open_file/1
  - open_file/2
  - pid2name/1
  - repair_continuation/2
  - safe_fixtable/2
  - select/1
  - select/2
  - select/3
  - select_delete/2
  - slot/2
  - sync/1
  - table/1
  - table/2
  - to_ets/2
  - traverse/2
  - update_counter/3
- dict
  - Top of manual page
  - append/3
  - append_list/3
  - erase/2
  - fetch/2
  - fetch_keys/1
  - filter/2
  - find/2
  - fold/3
  - from_list/1
  - is_key/2
  - map/2
  - merge/3
  - new/0
  - size/1
  - is_empty/1
  - store/3
  - to_list/1
  - update/3
  - update/4
  - update_counter/3
- digraph
  - Top of manual page
  - add_edge/3
  - add_edge/4
  - add_edge/5
  - add_vertex/1
  - add_vertex/2
  - add_vertex/3
  - del_edge/2
  - del_edges/2
  - del_path/3
  - del_vertex/2
  - del_vertices/2
  - delete/1
  - edge/2
  - edges/1
  - edges/2
  - get_cycle/2
  - get_path/3
  - get_short_cycle/2
  - get_short_path/3
  - in_degree/2
  - in_edges/2
  - in_neighbours/2
  - info/1
  - new/0
  - new/1
  - no_edges/1
  - no_vertices/1
  - out_degree/2
  - out_edges/2
  - out_neighbours/2
  - vertex/2
  - vertices/1
- digraph_utils
  - Top of manual page
  - arborescence_root/1
  - components/1
  - condensation/1
  - cyclic_strong_components/1
  - is_acyclic/1
  - is_arborescence/1
  - is_tree/1
  - loop_vertices/1
  - postorder/1
  - preorder/1
  - reachable/2
  - reachable_neighbours/2
  - reaching/2
  - reaching_neighbours/2
  - strong_components/1
  - subgraph/2
  - subgraph/3
  - topsort/1
- epp
  - Top of manual page
  - open/1
  - open/2
  - open/3
  - close/1
  - parse_erl_form/1
  - parse_file/2
  - parse_file/3
  - default_encoding/0
  - encoding_to_string/1
  - read_encoding/1
  - read_encoding/2
  - read_encoding_from_binary/1
  - read_encoding_from_binary/2
  - set_encoding/1
  - set_encoding/2
  - format_error/1
- erl_anno
  - Top of manual page
  - column/1
  - end_location/1
  - file/1
  - from_term/1
  - generated/1
  - is_anno/1
  - line/1
  - location/1
  - new/1
  - set_file/2
  - set_generated/2
  - set_line/2
  - set_location/2
  - set_record/2
  - set_text/2
  - text/1
  - to_term/1
- erl_eval
  - Top of manual page
  - exprs/2
  - exprs/3
  - exprs/4
  - expr/2
  - expr/3
  - expr/4
  - expr/5
  - expr_list/2
  - expr_list/3
  - expr_list/4
  - new_bindings/0
  - bindings/1
  - binding/2
  - add_binding/3
  - del_binding/2
- erl_expand_records
  - Top of manual page
  - module/2
- erl_id_trans
  - Top of manual page
  - parse_transform/2
- erl_internal
  - Top of manual page
  - bif/2
  - guard_bif/2
  - type_test/2
  - arith_op/2
  - bool_op/2
  - comp_op/2
  - list_op/2
  - send_op/2
  - op_type/2
- erl_lint
  - Top of manual page
  - module/1
  - module/2
  - module/3
  - is_guard_test/1
  - format_error/1
- erl_parse
  - Top of manual page
  - parse_form/1
  - parse_exprs/1
  - parse_term/1
  - format_error/1
  - tokens/1
  - tokens/2
  - normalise/1
  - abstract/1
  - abstract/2
  - map_anno/2
  - fold_anno/3
  - mapfold_anno/3
  - new_anno/1
  - anno_from_term/1
  - anno_to_term/1
- erl_pp
  - Top of manual page
  - form/1
  - form/2
  - attribute/1
  - attribute/2
  - function/1
  - function/2
  - guard/1
  - guard/2
  - exprs/1
  - exprs/2
  - exprs/3
  - expr/1
  - expr/2
  - expr/3
  - expr/4
- erl_scan
  - Top of manual page
  - string/1
  - string/2
  - string/3
  - tokens/3
  - tokens/4
  - reserved_word/1
  - category/1
  - symbol/1
  - column/1
  - end_location/1
  - line/1
  - location/1
  - text/1
  - token_info/1
  - token_info/2
  - attributes_info/1
  - attributes_info/2
  - set_attribute/3
  - format_error/1
- erl_tar
  - Top of manual page
  - add/3
  - add/4
  - close/1
  - create/2
  - create/3
  - extract/1
  - extract/2
  - format_error/1
  - open/2
  - init/3
  - table/1
  - table/2
  - t/1
  - tt/1
- ets
  - Top of manual page
  - all/0
  - delete/1
  - delete/2
  - delete_all_objects/1
  - delete_object/2
  - file2tab/1
  - file2tab/2
  - first/1
  - foldl/3
  - foldr/3
  - from_dets/2
  - fun2ms/1
  - give_away/3
  - i/0
  - i/1
  - info/1
  - info/2
  - init_table/2
  - insert/2
  - insert_new/2
  - is_compiled_ms/1
  - last/1
  - lookup/2
  - lookup_element/3
  - match/2
  - match/3
  - match/1
  - match_delete/2
  - match_object/2
  - match_object/3
  - match_object/1
  - match_spec_compile/1
  - match_spec_run/2
  - member/2
  - new/2
  - next/2
  - prev/2
  - rename/2
  - repair_continuation/2
  - safe_fixtable/2
  - select/2
  - select/3
  - select/1
  - select_count/2
  - select_delete/2
  - select_reverse/2
  - select_reverse/3
  - select_reverse/1
  - setopts/2
  - slot/2
  - tab2file/2
  - tab2file/3
  - tab2list/1
  - tabfile_info/1
  - table/1
  - table/2
  - test_ms/2
  - take/2
  - to_dets/2
  - update_counter/3
  - update_counter/4
  - update_element/3
- file_sorter
  - Top of manual page
  - sort/1
  - sort/2
  - sort/3
  - keysort/2
  - keysort/3
  - keysort/4
  - merge/2
  - merge/3
  - keymerge/3
  - keymerge/4
  - check/1
  - check/2
  - keycheck/2
  - keycheck/3
- filelib
  - Top of manual page
  - ensure_dir/1
  - file_size/1
  - fold_files/5
  - is_dir/1
  - is_file/1
  - is_regular/1
  - last_modified/1
  - wildcard/1
  - wildcard/2
- filename
  - Top of manual page
  - absname/1
  - absname/2
  - absname_join/2
  - basename/1
  - basename/2
  - dirname/1
  - extension/1
  - flatten/1
  - join/1
  - join/2
  - nativename/1
  - pathtype/1
  - rootname/1
  - rootname/2
  - split/1
  - find_src/1
  - find_src/2
- gb_sets
  - Top of manual page
  - add/2
  - add_element/2
  - balance/1
  - delete/2
  - delete_any/2
  - del_element/2
  - difference/2
  - subtract/2
  - empty/0
  - new/0
  - filter/2
  - fold/3
  - from_list/1
  - from_ordset/1
  - insert/2
  - intersection/2
  - intersection/1
  - is_disjoint/2
  - is_empty/1
  - is_member/2
  - is_element/2
  - is_set/1
  - is_subset/2
  - iterator/1
  - iterator_from/2
  - largest/1
  - next/1
  - singleton/1
  - size/1
  - smallest/1
  - take_largest/1
  - take_smallest/1
  - to_list/1
  - union/2
  - union/1
- gb_trees
  - Top of manual page
  - balance/1
  - delete/2
  - delete_any/2
  - empty/0
  - enter/3
  - from_orddict/1
  - get/2
  - insert/3
  - is_defined/2
  - is_empty/1
  - iterator/1
  - iterator_from/2
  - keys/1
  - largest/1
  - lookup/2
  - map/2
  - next/1
  - size/1
  - smallest/1
  - take_largest/1
  - take_smallest/1
  - to_list/1
  - update/3
  - values/1
- gen_event
  - Top of manual page
  - start_link/0
  - start_link/1
  - start/0
  - start/1
  - add_handler/3
  - add_sup_handler/3
  - notify/2
  - sync_notify/2
  - call/3
  - call/4
  - delete_handler/3
  - swap_handler/3
  - swap_sup_handler/3
  - which_handlers/1
  - stop/1
  - stop/3
  - Module:init/1
  - Module:handle_event/2
  - Module:handle_call/2
  - Module:handle_info/2
  - Module:terminate/2
  - Module:code_change/3
  - Module:format_status/2
- gen_fsm
  - Top of manual page
  - start_link/3
  - start_link/4
  - start/3
  - start/4
  - stop/1
  - stop/3
  - send_event/2
  - send_all_state_event/2
  - sync_send_event/2
  - sync_send_event/3
  - sync_send_all_state_event/2
  - sync_send_all_state_event/3
  - reply/2
  - send_event_after/2
  - start_timer/2
  - cancel_timer/1
  - enter_loop/4
  - enter_loop/5
  - enter_loop/5
  - enter_loop/6
  - Module:init/1
  - Module:StateName/2
  - Module:handle_event/3
  - Module:StateName/3
  - Module:handle_sync_event/4
  - Module:handle_info/3
  - Module:terminate/3
  - Module:code_change/4
  - Module:format_status/2
- gen_server
  - Top of manual page
  - start_link/3
  - start_link/4
  - start/3
  - start/4
  - stop/1
  - stop/3
  - call/2
  - call/3
  - multi_call/2
  - multi_call/3
  - multi_call/4
  - cast/2
  - abcast/2
  - abcast/3
  - reply/2
  - enter_loop/3
  - enter_loop/4
  - enter_loop/4
  - enter_loop/5
  - Module:init/1
  - Module:handle_call/3
  - Module:handle_cast/2
  - Module:handle_info/2
  - Module:terminate/2
  - Module:code_change/3
  - Module:format_status/2
- io
  - Top of manual page
  - columns/0
  - columns/1
  - put_chars/1
  - put_chars/2
  - nl/0
  - nl/1
  - get_chars/2
  - get_chars/3
  - get_line/1
  - get_line/2
  - getopts/0
  - getopts/1
  - printable_range/0
  - setopts/1
  - setopts/2
  - write/1
  - write/2
  - read/1
  - read/2
  - read/3
  - read/4
  - fwrite/1
  - fwrite/2
  - fwrite/3
  - format/1
  - format/2
  - format/3
  - fread/2
  - fread/3
  - rows/0
  - rows/1
  - scan_erl_exprs/1
  - scan_erl_exprs/2
  - scan_erl_exprs/3
  - scan_erl_exprs/4
  - scan_erl_form/1
  - scan_erl_form/2
  - scan_erl_form/3
  - scan_erl_form/4
  - parse_erl_exprs/1
  - parse_erl_exprs/2
  - parse_erl_exprs/3
  - parse_erl_exprs/4
  - parse_erl_form/1
  - parse_erl_form/2
  - parse_erl_form/3
  - parse_erl_form/4
- io_lib
  - Top of manual page
  - nl/0
  - write/1
  - write/2
  - print/1
  - print/4
  - fwrite/2
  - format/2
  - fread/2
  - fread/3
  - write_atom/1
  - write_string/1
  - write_string_as_latin1/1
  - write_latin1_string/1
  - write_char/1
  - write_char_as_latin1/1
  - write_latin1_char/1
  - scan_format/2
  - unscan_format/1
  - build_text/1
  - indentation/2
  - char_list/1
  - latin1_char_list/1
  - deep_char_list/1
  - deep_latin1_char_list/1
  - printable_list/1
  - printable_latin1_list/1
  - printable_unicode_list/1
- lib
  - Top of manual page
  - flush_receive/0
  - error_message/2
  - progname/0
  - nonl/1
  - send/2
  - sendw/2
- lists
  - Top of manual page
  - all/2
  - any/2
  - append/1
  - append/2
  - concat/1
  - delete/2
  - droplast/1
  - dropwhile/2
  - duplicate/2
  - filter/2
  - filtermap/2
  - flatlength/1
  - flatmap/2
  - flatten/1
  - flatten/2
  - foldl/3
  - foldr/3
  - foreach/2
  - keydelete/3
  - keyfind/3
  - keymap/3
  - keymember/3
  - keymerge/3
  - keyreplace/4
  - keysearch/3
  - keysort/2
  - keystore/4
  - keytake/3
  - last/1
  - map/2
  - mapfoldl/3
  - mapfoldr/3
  - max/1
  - member/2
  - merge/1
  - merge/2
  - merge/3
  - merge3/3
  - min/1
  - nth/2
  - nthtail/2
  - partition/2
  - prefix/2
  - reverse/1
  - reverse/2
  - seq/2
  - seq/3
  - sort/1
  - sort/2
  - split/2
  - splitwith/2
  - sublist/2
  - sublist/3
  - subtract/2
  - suffix/2
  - sum/1
  - takewhile/2
  - ukeymerge/3
  - ukeysort/2
  - umerge/1
  - umerge/2
  - umerge/3
  - umerge3/3
  - unzip/1
  - unzip3/1
  - usort/1
  - usort/2
  - zip/2
  - zip3/3
  - zipwith/3
  - zipwith3/4
- log_mf_h
  - Top of manual page
  - init/3
  - init/4
- maps
  - Top of manual page
  - filter/2
  - find/2
  - fold/3
  - from_list/1
  - get/2
  - get/3
  - is_key/2
  - keys/1
  - map/2
  - merge/2
  - new/0
  - put/3
  - remove/2
  - size/1
  - to_list/1
  - update/3
  - values/1
  - with/2
  - without/2
- math
  - Top of manual page
  - pi/0
  - sin/1
  - cos/1
  - tan/1
  - asin/1
  - acos/1
  - atan/1
  - atan2/2
  - sinh/1
  - cosh/1
  - tanh/1
  - asinh/1
  - acosh/1
  - atanh/1
  - exp/1
  - log/1
  - log2/1
  - log10/1
  - pow/2
  - sqrt/1
  - erf/1
  - erfc/1
- ms_transform
  - Top of manual page
  - parse_transform/2
  - transform_from_shell/3
  - format_error/1
- orddict
  - Top of manual page
  - append/3
  - append_list/3
  - erase/2
  - fetch/2
  - fetch_keys/1
  - filter/2
  - find/2
  - fold/3
  - from_list/1
  - is_key/2
  - map/2
  - merge/3
  - new/0
  - size/1
  - is_empty/1
  - store/3
  - to_list/1
  - update/3
  - update/4
  - update_counter/3
- ordsets
  - Top of manual page
  - new/0
  - is_set/1
  - size/1
  - to_list/1
  - from_list/1
  - is_element/2
  - add_element/2
  - del_element/2
  - union/2
  - union/1
  - intersection/2
  - intersection/1
  - is_disjoint/2
  - subtract/2
  - is_subset/2
  - fold/3
  - filter/2
- pool
  - Top of manual page
  - start/1
  - start/2
  - attach/1
  - stop/0
  - get_nodes/0
  - pspawn/3
  - pspawn_link/3
  - get_node/0
- proc_lib
  - Top of manual page
  - spawn/1
  - spawn/2
  - spawn/3
  - spawn/4
  - spawn_link/1
  - spawn_link/2
  - spawn_link/3
  - spawn_link/4
  - spawn_opt/2
  - spawn_opt/3
  - spawn_opt/4
  - spawn_opt/5
  - start/3
  - start/4
  - start/5
  - start_link/3
  - start_link/4
  - start_link/5
  - init_ack/1
  - init_ack/2
  - format/1
  - format/2
  - format/3
  - initial_call/1
  - translate_initial_call/1
  - hibernate/3
  - stop/1
  - stop/3
- proplists
  - Top of manual page
  - append_values/2
  - compact/1
  - delete/2
  - expand/2
  - get_all_values/2
  - get_bool/2
  - get_keys/1
  - get_value/2
  - get_value/3
  - is_defined/2
  - lookup/2
  - lookup_all/2
  - normalize/2
  - property/1
  - property/2
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  - info/2
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  - keysort/3
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  - q/2
  - sort/1
  - sort/2
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  - to_list/1
  - reverse/1
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  - join/2
  - filter/2
  - member/2
  - get/1
  - get_r/1
  - drop/1
  - drop_r/1
  - peek/1
  - peek_r/1
  - cons/2
  - head/1
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  - family_intersection/2
  - family_projection/2
  - family_range/1
  - family_specification/2
  - family_to_digraph/1
  - family_to_digraph/2
  - family_to_relation/1
  - family_union/1
  - family_union/2
  - field/1
  - from_external/2
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  - image/2
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  - intersection/2
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  - inverse/1
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  - is_a_function/1
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  - is_empty_set/1
  - is_equal/2
  - is_set/1
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  - is_subset/2
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  - partition/2
  - partition/3
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  - t/1
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  - zip_open/1
  - zip_open/2
  - zip_list_dir/1
  - zip_get/1
  - zip_get/2
  - zip_close/1

# filename

### MODULE

filename

### MODULE SUMMARY

Filename Manipulation Functions

### DESCRIPTION

The module filename provides a number of useful functions for analyzing and manipulating file names. These functions are designed so that the Erlang code can work on many different platforms with different formats for file names. With file name is meant all strings that can be used to denote a file. They can be short relative names like foo.erl, very long absolute name which include a drive designator and directory names like D:\usr/local\bin\erl/lib\tools\foo.erl, or any variations in between.

In Windows, all functions return file names with forward slashes only, even if the arguments contain back slashes. Use join/1 to normalize a file name by removing redundant directory separators.

The module supports raw file names in the way that if a binary is present, or the file name cannot be interpreted according to the return value of file:native_name_encoding/0, a raw file name will also be returned. For example filename:join/1 provided with a path component being a binary (and also not being possible to interpret under the current native file name encoding) will result in a raw file name being returned (the join operation will have been performed of course). For more information about raw file names, see the file module.

### EXPORTS

absname(Filename) -> file:filename_all()

Types:

Filename = file:name_all()

Converts a relative Filename and returns an absolute name. No attempt is made to create the shortest absolute name, because this can give incorrect results on file systems which allow links.

Unix examples:

    1> pwd().
    "/usr/local"
    2> filename:absname("foo").
    "/usr/local/foo"
    3> filename:absname("../x").
    "/usr/local/../x"
    4> filename:absname("/").
    "/"

Windows examples:

    1> pwd().
    "D:/usr/local"
    2> filename:absname("foo").
    "D:/usr/local/foo"
    3> filename:absname("../x").
    "D:/usr/local/../x"
    4> filename:absname("/").
    "D:/"

absname(Filename, Dir) -> file:filename_all()

Types:

Filename = Dir = file:name_all()

This function works like absname/1, except that the directory to which the file name should be made relative is given explicitly in the Dir argument.

absname_join(Dir, Filename) -> file:filename_all()

Types:

Dir = Filename = file:name_all()

Joins an absolute directory with a relative filename. Similar to join/2, but on platforms with tight restrictions on raw filename length and no support for symbolic links (read: VxWorks), leading parent directory components in Filename are matched against trailing directory components in Dir so they can be removed from the result - minimizing its length.

basename(Filename) -> file:filename_all()

Types:

Filename = file:name_all()

Returns the last component of Filename, or Filename itself if it does not contain any directory separators.

    5> filename:basename("foo").
    "foo"
    6> filename:basename("/usr/foo").
    "foo"
    7> filename:basename("/").
    []

basename(Filename, Ext) -> file:filename_all()

Types:

Filename = Ext = file:name_all()

Returns the last component of Filename with the extension Ext stripped. This function should be used to remove a specific extension which might, or might not, be there. Use rootname(basename(Filename)) to remove an extension that exists, but you are not sure which one it is.

    8> filename:basename("~/src/kalle.erl", ".erl").
    "kalle"
    9> filename:basename("~/src/kalle.beam", ".erl").
    "kalle.beam"
    10> filename:basename("~/src/kalle.old.erl", ".erl").
    "kalle.old"
    11> filename:rootname(filename:basename("~/src/kalle.erl")).
    "kalle"
    12> filename:rootname(filename:basename("~/src/kalle.beam")).
    "kalle"

dirname(Filename) -> file:filename_all()

Types:

Filename = file:name_all()

Returns the directory part of Filename.

    13> filename:dirname("/usr/src/kalle.erl").
    "/usr/src"
    14> filename:dirname("kalle.erl").
    "."

    5> filename:dirname("\\usr\\src/kalle.erl"). % Windows
    "/usr/src"

extension(Filename) -> file:filename_all()

Types:

Filename = file:name_all()

Returns the file extension of Filename, including the period. Returns an empty string if there is no extension.

    15> filename:extension("foo.erl").
    ".erl"
    16> filename:extension("beam.src/kalle").
    []

flatten(Filename) -> file:filename_all()

Types:

Filename = file:name_all()

Converts a possibly deep list filename consisting of characters and atoms into the corresponding flat string filename.

join(Components) -> file:filename_all()

Types:

Components = [file:name_all()]

Joins a list of file name Components with directory separators. If one of the elements of Components includes an absolute path, for example "/xxx", the preceding elements, if any, are removed from the result.

The result is "normalized":

- Redundant directory separators are removed.
- In Windows, all directory separators are forward slashes and the drive letter is in lower case.

    17> filename:join(["/usr", "local", "bin"]).
    "/usr/local/bin"
    18> filename:join(["a/b///c/"]).
    "a/b/c"

    6> filename:join(["B:a\\b///c/"]). % Windows
    "b:a/b/c"

join(Name1, Name2) -> file:filename_all()

Types:

Name1 = Name2 = file:name_all()

Joins two file name components with directory separators. Equivalent to join([Name1, Name2]).

nativename(Path) -> file:filename_all()

Types:

Path = file:name_all()

Converts Path to a form accepted by the command shell and native applications on the current platform. On Windows, forward slashes is converted to backward slashes. On all platforms, the name is normalized as done by join/1.

    19> filename:nativename("/usr/local/bin/"). % Unix
    "/usr/local/bin"

    7> filename:nativename("/usr/local/bin/"). % Windows
    "\\usr\\local\\bin"

pathtype(Path) -> absolute | relative | volumerelative

Types:

Path = file:name_all()

Returns the type of path, one of absolute, relative, or volumerelative.

absolute

  The path name refers to a specific file on a specific volume.

  Unix example: /usr/local/bin

  Windows example: D:/usr/local/bin

relative

  The path name is relative to the current working directory on the current volume.

  Example: foo/bar, ../src

volumerelative

  The path name is relative to the current working directory on a specified volume, or it is a specific file on the current working volume.

  Windows example: D:bar.erl, /bar/foo.erl

rootname(Filename) -> file:filename_all()
rootname(Filename, Ext) -> file:filename_all()

Types:

Filename = Ext = file:name_all()

Remove a filename extension. rootname/2 works as rootname/1, except that the extension is removed only if it is Ext.

    20> filename:rootname("/beam.src/kalle").
    /beam.src/kalle"
    21> filename:rootname("/beam.src/foo.erl").
    "/beam.src/foo"
    22> filename:rootname("/beam.src/foo.erl", ".erl").
    "/beam.src/foo"
    23> filename:rootname("/beam.src/foo.beam", ".erl").
    "/beam.src/foo.beam"

split(Filename) -> Components

Types:

Filename = file:name_all()
Components = [file:name_all()]

Returns a list whose elements are the path components of Filename.

    24> filename:split("/usr/local/bin").
    ["/","usr","local","bin"]
    25> filename:split("foo/bar").
    ["foo","bar"]
    26> filename:split("a:\\msdev\\include").
    ["a:/","msdev","include"]

find_src(Beam) ->
{SourceFile, Options} | {error, {ErrorReason, Module}}
find_src(Beam, Rules) ->
{SourceFile, Options} | {error, {ErrorReason, Module}}

Types:

Beam = Module | Filename
Filename = atom() | string()
Rules = [{BinSuffix :: string(), SourceSuffix :: string()}]
Module = module()
SourceFile = string()
Options = [Option]
Option =
{i, Path :: string()} |
{outdir, Path :: string()} |
{d, atom()}
ErrorReason = non_existing | preloaded | interpreted

Finds the source filename and compiler options for a module. The result can be fed to compile:file/2 in order to compile the file again.

Warning

We don't recommend using this function. If possible, use beam_lib(3) to extract the abstract code format from the BEAM file and compile that instead.

The Beam argument, which can be a string or an atom, specifies either the module name or the path to the source code, with or without the ".erl" extension. In either case, the module must be known by the code server, i.e. code:which(Module) must succeed.

Rules describes how the source directory can be found, when the object code directory is known. It is a list of tuples {BinSuffix, SourceSuffix} and is interpreted as follows: If the end of the directory name where the object is located matches BinSuffix, then the source code directory has the same name, but with BinSuffix replaced by SourceSuffix. Rules defaults to:

    [{"", ""}, {"ebin", "src"}, {"ebin", "esrc"}]

If the source file is found in the resulting directory, then the function returns that location together with Options. Otherwise, the next rule is tried, and so on.

The function returns {SourceFile, Options} if it succeeds. SourceFile is the absolute path to the source file without the ".erl" extension. Options include the options which are necessary to recompile the file with compile:file/2, but excludes options such as report or verbose which do not change the way code is generated. The paths in the {outdir, Path} and {i, Path} options are guaranteed to be absolute.