THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE CONSERVATION STATUS REPORT 2015 - 2017 Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife Republic of Kenya www.tourism.go.ke Foreword Wildlife Service in managing and protecting this resource. During this period the government financed the wildlife sector to the tune of Ksh 6.8billion for both recurrent and development expenditures in addition to Kshs 513 million for compensation of human wildlife conflict cases. The sixth schedule, lists 245 endangered species and each requires a recovery plan to be developed. Currently only 22 endangered species have recovery plans developed. In the next period we shall be working with the various partners and stakeholders to expedite the development and implementation of endangered species recovery plans while reviewing the species listed in schedule three. The IUCN lists 463 endangered species of flora and fauna in Kenya. Hon. Najib Balala (EGH), Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife The Wildlife Conservation Management Act of 2013 (WCMA, 2013) requires the Ministry to prepare and present to Parliament a Wildlife Status report. I am pleased to present the second National Wildlife Conservation Status Report (2015-2017). The wildlife sector is facing numerous challenges and threats that require continuous assessment of our resources and adjustment of the intervention mechanisms to address the issues The government continues to be committed to support the sector and particularly Kenya Section 44(1-4) requires all wildlife conservation areas to have Gazetted management plans developed and implemented in a participatory manner. This will inform development in protected areas. During this period three management plans were gazetted by my ministry and we intend to get more. It is expected that the output of this report will enhance the formulation and implementation of the Wildlife Policy and guide the formulation of guidelines related to wildlife management and conservation in its entirety. The threshold in terms of report as set out in the WCMA, 2013 section 49 is quite high but realistic and requires government and donor support, high level scientific input and appropriate technology to guide policy formulation and especially species status classification. Technology can enhance efficiency, reduce operational costs and release resources to other areas where needed. I call upon all stakeholders to join efforts to support wildlife conservation in the country. NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 3 Preface This National Wildlife conservation Status report presents an opportunity to audit the wildlife sector especially in terms of resource allocation and utilization. Allocation of resources to conservation sector will be informed by efforts by all stakeholders to deliver the desired conservation outcomes as presented in this and subsequent reports. There is an urgent need to upscale management efforts to reverse the present declining trend of listed species in the schedule by developing and implementing endangered listed species recovery plans and conservation area management plans. We will continue to engage all key stakeholders in a deliberate and concerted effort to ensure the consercation agenda receives the necessary support. It is also critical to dedicate more resources and efforts on proactive measures to address human wildlife conflict; such measures will include working with the relevant state and non-state actors. Dr. Susan J. Koech Principal Secretary State Department for Wildlife Special focus will also be put on those areas that have abundant wildlife but are presently not designated as wildlife conservation areas as such areas will be the next frontier in wildlife conservation in the country. Finally we call upon all Kenyans to be on the forefront in conserving our wildlife for posterity. PAGE 4 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Acknowledgement The Writing of this report was supported by the United States Agency for International Development(USAID) and African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) who by themselves have been strong partners in matters related to Wildlife Conservation. Our Principal Secretary Dr. Susan Koech interrogated the document and gave very useful guidelines on the final output of the report. Similar support came from The National Museums of Kenya (NMK), Department of Resource Survey and Remote Sensing (DRSRS), Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kenya Fisheries Service and Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KEMFRI). Brig. (Rtd) J.M. Waweru, EBS, ndc(K). psc (K) Director General, Kenya Wildlife Service I acknowledge the exemplary work done under the able leadership of the Cabinet Secretary Tourism and Wildlife Hon Najib Balala in ensuring compliance to the implementation of the WCMA, 2013 which by itself forms the legal basis of this report. In compiling this report, various divisions within the Service were involved under the stewardship of Director Biodiversity, Research and Planning. The Kenya Wildlife Conservancies Association (KWCA) gave invaluable information on Conservancies in the Country. Virtually all reserves were contacted directly or through secondary means- including their publications. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) was heavily relied on in reporting on Birds. Local conservation bodies such as Watamu Turtle Watch and others of similar caliber all over the country provided invaluable information as the team traversed the country. Many experts in our local universities and other institutions of learning also gave very useful inputs. Lastly but not least I want to acknowledge the technical team who compiled this report. The team work exhibited resulted in the report coming out within the set timeframe. NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 5 Executive Summary The WCMA, 2013 in schedule 6 lists 245 wildlife species under various categories of threats ranging from critically endangered to protected species. The WCMA, 2013 reqiures that the status of these species be reported to the National Assembly every 2years and the recovery measures being implemented to restore the said species be indicated. This 2015/17 wildlife status report is a response to this requirement. The report gives the status of the listed species in terms of population, location and trendof each species. The status of the protected areas where these species are found has also been highlighted. The report further enumerates the threats and challenged to the species and their habitats while stating the management measures in place to counter the factors that contribute to negative growth in population of these species. The general outcome indicates that the magnitude of these threats is severe resulting in the decline or stagnation in population of the listed species. Some of the species have reached a level where the remaining population is non-viable whereas a few are no longer being reported as being sighted. From the report the greatest challenge facing wildlife population increase in the country is encroachment, invasive species, poaching and infrastructure development besides other threats. The resultant effect especially of encroachment has been loss of gazetted wildlife areas, wildlife corridors and dispersal areas leading to fragmentations of wildlife habitats. Wildlife diseases is an emerging major threat Although management measures prescribed in the WCMA, 2013 are being taken to address the threats and subsequent decline in listed wildlife species population, the said measures need to be reenergized to become more proactive rather than reactive. There is therefore need to use available resources in a more innovative manner to accelerate the management measures such as in wildlife diseases, management plans, poaching, securing more space for wildlife and even genetic engineering. Presently only three protected areas in the country have management plans that are gazetted and this is a major impediment in the deployment of resources in the said areas. This situation is more pronounced in the Conservancies and National Reserves. Whereas the listed number of species in schedule 6 is 245, only 31 species recovery plans have been developed out of which 13 have since expired. Concerted efforts need to be put in place to accelerate the development and implementation of species specific recovery plans especially for the species that are critically endangered PAGE 6 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 TABLE OF CON T EN T Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES LIST PLATES LIST OF FIGURES FOREWORD PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY C H A P T E R 1 : INTRODUCTION THE NATIONAL WILDLIFE CONSERVATION STATUS REPORT 1.1. CONSERVATION STATUS 1.2. SPECIES RECOVERY PLANS 1.3. SCHEDULE SIX OF THE WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT ACT: - 1.4. INVASIVE SPECIES 1.5. MANAGEMENT PLANS IN PROTECTED AREAS 1.6. WILDLIFE COMPENSATION 1.7. WILDLIFE CRIME 1.8. CONSUMPTIVE WILDLIFE UTILIZATION LICENSING AND REGULATIONS 1.9. CHALLENGES AND THREATS TO WILDLIFE CONSERVATION 1.10. FINANCING WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN KENYA CHAPTER 2: CONSERVATION, PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE IN KENYA 2.1. 2.1.1. 2.1.1.1. 2.1.1.2. 2.1.1.3. 2.1.1.4. 2.1.1.5. 2.1.1.6. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK NATIONAL LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK THE CONSTITUTION OF KENYA 2010 WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT ACT (WCMA) 2013 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION ACT (EMCA) (AMENDMENT ACT 2015) WATER ACT 2016 TREATY MAKING AND RATIFICATION ACT 2012 SESSIONAL PAPER NO. 3 OF 1975 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 7 2.1.1.7. 2.1.1.8. 2.1.1.9. 2.1.1.10. 2.1.1.11. 2.1.1.12. 2.1.1.13. 2.1.1.14. 2.1.1.15. 2.1.1.16. 2.1.1.17. 2.1.1.18. 2.1.1.19. 2.1.2. 2.1.2.1. 2.1.2.2. 2.1.2.3. 2.1.2.4. 2.1.2.5. 2.1.2.6. 2.1.2.7. 2.1.2.8. 2.1.2.9. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.4.1. 2.4.1.1. 2.4.1.2. 2.4.1.3. 2.4.1.4. 2.4.2. 2.4.2.1. 2.4.3. 2.4.4. 2.5. 2.5.1. 2.5.2. 2.5.3. 2.6. 2.6.1. 2.6.2. 2.7. 2.7.1. 2.7.2. 2.7.3. 2.7.4. 2.8. 2.8.1. 2.8.2. 2.8.2.1. 2.9. 2.9.1. 2.9.2. 2.9.3. 2.9.4. PAGE 8 THE KENYA NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY ACTION PLAN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT OF 2007 LAND ACT NO 6 (2012) VETERINARY SURGEONS AND VETERINARY PARA-PROFESSIONALS ACT 2011 COUNTY GOVERNMENT ACT, 2012 COMMUNITY LAND ACT (2016) MARITIME ZONES ACT NO. 6 OF 1989 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ACT, NO. 35 OF 2016 29 FOREST CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT ACT, 2016 SESSIONAL PAPER NO.3 OF 2009 ON NATIONAL LAND POLICY 29 VISION 2030 ANIMAL DISEASES ACT CAP 364 VETERINARY POLICY 2015 29 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES, CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES) RAMSAR CONVENTION IUCN RED LIST CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ANIMAL WELFARE POLICY GUIDELINES CONVENTION OF THE PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION BY DUMPING OF WASTES AND OTHER MATTERS. AFRICAN CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES OF WILD ANIMALS (CMS) AFRICA-EURASIAN WATER BIRD AGREEMENT(AEWA) STAKEHOLDERS IN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT PLANS STATUS OF WILDLIFE HEALTH AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES APPLIED IN MANAGING DISEASES IN WILDLIFE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF SICK AND INJURED ANIMALS DISEASE SURVEILLANCE INVESTIGATION OF DISEASE OUTBREAKS RESEARCH ON WILDLIFE DISEASES RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR WILDLIFE HEALTH MANAGEMENT COLLABORATIONS EMERGING ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN MANAGING DISEASES IN WILDLIFE IMMEDIATE NEEDS IN WILDLIFE HEALTH WILDLIFE FORENSIC AND GENETICS LABORATORY BUSH MEAT CASES STATUS OF ONGOING PROJECTS CHALLENGES AND NEEDS OF THE FORENSIC LABORATORY TRANSLOCATIONS AND SPECIES MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES TRANSLOCATIONS SPECIES MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES STATUS OF CAPTIVE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND ANIMAL WELFARE OBJECTIVES OF CAPTIVE FACILITIES SOURCES OF ANIMALS REHABILITATION BACK TO THE WILD EMERGING ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN CAPTIVE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT AND MANAGEMENT STATUS OF WILDLIFE COMPENSATION HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT MITIGATION MEASURES CSR AND FENCE PROJECTS BETWEEN 2016 AND 2017 WILDLIFE SECURITY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND STATUS OF POACHING TRENDS ARRESTS STATUS OF WILDLIFE CRIME PROSECUTION NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 2.9.5. STATUS OF CASES BEFORE COURT 2.9.6. STATUS OF RECOVERIES 2.9.7. LIVESTOCK INCURSION AND DRIVE OPERATIONS 2.9.8. WILDLIFE PROTECTION RANGER FORCE DEPLOYMENT 2.9.9. STRATEGIES IN COMBAT WILDLIFE CRIMES 2.9.10. WILDLIFE PROTECTION CHALLENGES 2.10. GOVERNMENT GAME TROPHIES 2.10.1. INTRODUCTION 2.10.2. STATUS OF ELEPHANT IVORY AND RHINOCEROS HORN STOCKS 2.10.3. DISPOSAL 2.10.4. ELECTRONIC RECORDS CHAPTER 3: THREATS AND CHALLENGES TO WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT CHAPTER 4: STATUS OF KENYA’S WILDLIFECONSERVATIONAREAS 4.1. 4.1.1. 4.1.2. 4.1.3. 4.1.4. 4.1.5. 4.1.6. 4.2. 4.2.1. 4.2.2. 4.2.3. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. TERRESTRIAL PARKS AND RESERVES STATUS OF NATIONAL PARKS STATUS OF NATIONAL RESERVES STATUS OF NATURAL FOREST RESERVES STATUS OF NATIONAL SANCTUARIES STATUS OF WILDLIFE CONSERVANCIES CONSERVATION EDUCATION FACILITIES STATUS OF MARINE PARKS AND RESERVES AND RAMSAR SITES MARINE NATIONAL PARKS MARINE NATIONAL RESERVES KENYA’S RAMSAR SITES PAPER (NON-FUNCTIONAL) PARKS AND RESERVES DECLARATION OF PROTECTED AREAS STATUS OF WILDLIFE CORRIDORS AND DISPERSAL AREAS CHAPTER 5: STATUS OF LISTED ENDANGERED WILDLIFE SPECIES POPULATION AND TRENDS 5.1. KENYA’S BIODIVERSITY RESOURCES 5.2. DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGIES 5.3. CARNIVORES 5.3.1. CHEETAH (ACINONYX JUBATUS) 5.3.2. AFRICAN WILD DOG (LYCAON PICTUS) 5.3.3. SPOTTED HYAENA (CROCUTA CROCUTA) 5.3.4. STRIPED HYAENA (HYENA HYENA) 5.3.5. LION (PANTHERA LEO) 5.3.6. LEOPARD (PANTHERA PARDUS) NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 9 5.3.7. 5.4. 5.4.1. 5.4.2. 5.4.3. 5.4.4. 5.4.5. 5.4.6. 5.4.7. 5.4.8. 5.4.9. 5.4.10. 5.4.11. 5.4.12. 5.4.13. 5.4.14. 5.4.15. 5.4.16. 5.4.17. 5.4.18. 5.4.19. 5.5. 5.5.1. 5.5.2. 5.5.3. 5.5.4. 5.5.5. 5.5.5.1. 5.5.5.2. 5.5.6. 5.5.7. 5.5.8. 5.5.9. 5.5.9.1. 5.5.9.2. 5.5.9.3. 5.5.10. 5.5.11. 5.5.11.1. 5.5.11.2. 5.5.11.3. 5.5.11.4. 5.5.12. 5.6. 5.6.1. 5.6.2. 5.6.3. 5.6.4. 5.6.5. 5.6.5.1. 5.6.5.2. 5.6.6. 5.6.6.1. 5.6.6.2. 5.6.6.3. 5.6.6.4. PAGE 10 STATUS OF SMALL CARNIVORES HERBIVORES RHINOCEROS NORTHERN WHITE RHINO STATUS STATUS OF ELEPHANT (LOXODONTA AFRICANA) GIRAFFE HIROLA(BEATRAGUS HUNTERI) ROAN ANTELOPE (HIPPOTRAGUS EQUINUS) SITATUNGA ANTELOPE SABLE ANTELOPE(HIPPOTRAGUS NIGER ROOSEVELTI) EASTERN MOUNTAIN BONGO(TRAGELAPHUS EURYCERUS ISAACI) GREVY›S ZEBRA (EQUUS GREVYI) COMMON HIPPOPOTAMUS (HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS) LELWEL HARTEBEEST(ALCLEPHUS BUSELAPHUS) SOEMMERRING’S GAZELLE (GAZELLA SOEMMERRINGII) LESSER KUDU (TRAGELAPHUS IMBERBIS) GREATER KUDU (TRAGELAPHUS STREPSICEROS) GIANT FOREST HOG(HYLOCHOERUS MEINERTZHAGENI) TANA CRESTED MANGABEY(CERCOCEBUS GALERITUS) RED COLUBUS MONKEY(PILIOCOLOBUS RUFOMITRATUS) EASTERN TREE HYRAX(DENDROHYDRAX VALIDUS) OTHER LISTED SPECIES SHREWS STATUS OF LISTED BATS (CHIROPTERA) RODENTS MONTANE/KENYAN DANCING JEWEL (PLATYCYPHA AMBONIENSIS) FISH PLAIN NORTHOBRANCH (NOTHOBRANCHIUS BOJIENSIS) ELONGATE NOTHOBRANCH (NOTHOBRANCHIOUS ELONGATUS) STATUS OF LISTED TOADS AND FROGS LIZARDS (SKINKS, CHAMELEONS & GECKOS) STATUS OF LISTED SNAKES 233 STATUS OF LISTED TORTOISES AND TERAPINS CREVICE (PANCAKE) TORTOISE (MALACOCHERSUS TORNIERI) YELLOW-BELLIED HINGED TERRAPIN (PELUSIOS CASTANOIDES) TURKANA/BROADLEYIMUD TURTLE (PELUSIOS BROADLEYI) STATUS OF LISTED TREES IN KENYA STATUS OF LISTED BIRDS AVIAN BIOMES IN KENYA ENDEMIC BIRDS OF KENYA TERRESTRIAL BIRDS MARINE AND INLAND WETLANDS BIRDS STATUS OF KENYA’S IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS STATUS OF LISTED MARINE WILDLIFE SPECIES DUGONG(DUGON DUGONG) SEA TURTLES WHALES SHARKS RAYS THE PORCUPINE RAY ( UROGYMNUS ASPERRIMUS) BLACK BLOTCHED STING RAY (TAENIUROPS MEYENI) OTHER LISTED MARINE FISHES BOWMOUTH GUITARFISH\GIANT GUITARFISH (RHYNCHOBATUS DJIDDENSIS) BIGEYE TUNA (THUNNUS OBESUS) BRINDLE BASS (EPINEPHELUS LANCEOLATUS) GIANT WRASSE (CHEILINUS UNDULATUS) NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 CHAPTER 6: RECOVERY PLANS FOR THE LISTED SPECIES 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 LISTING CRITERIA RECOVERY PLANS CHALLENGES 297 INTERVENTION MEASURES FOR SPECIES RECOVERY CHAPTER 7: STATUS OF WILDLIFE UTILIZATION IN KENYA 7.1 LEGISLATION 7.2 REGULATIONS ON WILDLIFE UTILIZATION 7.3 POLICY ON WILDLIFE UTILIZATION 7.4 MULTI- LATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS 7.4.1 CITES 7.4.2 CBD 7.5 WILDLIFE USER RIGHTS GRANTED 7.5.1 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 7.6 WILDLIFE FARMING 7.7 BIO-TRADE 7.8 FILMING 7.9 WILDLIFE CONSERVANCIES 7.10 MINING 7.11 GOVERNMENT GAME TROPHIES 7.11.1 ELEPHANT IVORY AND RHINOCEROS HORNS STOCKS 7.11.2 DISPOSAL 7.11.3 ELECTRONIC SYSTEM OF GAME TROPHY MANAGEMENT CHAPTER 8: FINANCIAL STATUS 8.1 8.2 8.3 FINANCIAL FUNCTION OF THE SERVICE FINANCIAL PROVISIONS BUDGET OF CONSERVANCIES   NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 11 List of Tables Table 1.1 Summary Of The Sixth Schedule - Listed Species By Taxa Table 2.1 Status Of Development And Implementation Of Management Plans Table 2.2: Status Of Veterinary Clinical Interventions In 2015 To 2017 Table 2.3: Wildlife Diseases Monitored In 2015 To 2017 Table 2.4: Status Of Disease Outbreaks In 2015-2017 Table 2.5: Research Activities On Diseases In Wildlife In 2015 To 2017 Table 2.6: Bush Meat Cases Analyzed In The Forensic Lab For Prosecution Purposes Table 2.7: Ongoing Projects To Develop Genetic Databases Table 2.8: Translocations In 2015 And 2017 Table 2.9: Species Management Activities In 2015 And 2017 Table 2.10: Status Of Captive Wildlife Facilities Table 2.11: Crop Destruction, Livestock &Property Damage Conflict Reported Cases By Third Schedule Listed Species Table 2.12: Human Death And Injury Cases By Third Schedule Listed Species Table 2.13: Status Of Paid Claims Per County For Human Injuries And Deaths Table 2.14: Csr And Fence Projects Between 2015 And 2017 Table 2.15: Status Of Duration Of Sentences Table 2.16: Contact Engagement And Firearms And Ammunitions Recoveries 2014 To 2017 Table 2.17: Annual Livestock Drive Operations Expenditure Estimates 2015 To 2017 Table 2.18: Elephant Ivory And Rhinoceros Horns In Kws Custody Table 3.1 Status Of Threats Table 3.2 Status Of Challenges To Wildlife Conservation And Management Table 3.3 Status Of Listed Invasive Species In Kenya Table 3.4 Analysis Of Impacts Of Threats On Protected Areas Table4.1: Status Of National Parks In 2015/2017 Table 4.2: Status Of National Reserves In 2015/2017 Table 4.3: Status Of Forest Reserves In 2015/2017 Table 4.4: Status Of National Wildlife Sanctuaries In 2015/2017 Table 4.5 Status Of Community Conservancies 2015/2017 Table 4.6 Status Of Private Conservancies 2015/2017 Table 4.7 Conservation Education Programmes Undertaken 2015-2017 Table 4.8: Marine Parks Table 4.9: Status Of Marine Reserves In 2015/2017 Table 4.10 Status Of Ramsar Sites In Kenya Table 4.11: State Of Wildlife Corridors 2015-2017 Table 5.1 List Of Carnivores Species In Kenya Table 5.2cheetah Distribution And Population Status Table 5.3 Recent Cheetah Surveys Table 5.4: African Wild Dog Population Estimate Table 5.5 Recent Spotted Hyaenas Surveys Table 5.6 Lion Population Surveys (2012 – 2017) Table 5.7 Areas With Unsurveyed Lion Population Table 5.8 Leopard Surveys Table 5.9 Status Of Listed Small Carnivores In Kenya Table 5.10: Kenya Rhino Population Status -2017 Table 5.11. Summary Of Elephant Population Status By End Of 2014, With Updated Information From Recent Census Undertaken In Certain Areas Table 5.12 Status Of Giraffes In Kenya Table 5.13. Counts Of Reticulated-Giraffe Sub-Populations In Kenya Table 5.14 Distribution Of Hirola In Kenya Table 5.15. Population Status Of Sitatunga (2008) Table 5.16 Results Of Camera Traps And Visual Sighting In Selected Eastern Mountain Bongo Areas 2015-2017 Table 5.17 Population Status Of Grevy›s Zebra In Kenya Table 5.18 Status Of Listed Shrews In Kenya Table 5.19 Status Of The Listed Bats In The Country Table 5.20 Status Of The Listed Rodents In Kenya Table 5.21 Listed Fish Species In Kenya PAGE 12 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Table 5.22 Listed Frog And Toad Species Table 5.23 Listed Lizard Species Table 5.24 Status Of Listed Snakes Table 5.25 Listed Tree Species In Kenya Table 5.26 Avian Biomes In Kenya And The Total Number Of Bird Species Unique For Each Avian Biome Table 5.27 Status Of Listed Endangered Bird Species Table 5.28 Marine And Wetland Birds Table 5.29 Status Of Kenya’s Iba’s Table 5.30 Status Of Whales In Kenya Table 5.31 Status Of Listed Sharks In Kenya Table 6.1. Status Of Recovery Plans Table 6.2 Intervention Measurs Used For In-Situ Species Recovery Table 6.3 Intervention Measurs Used For Ex-Situ Species Recovery Table 7.1: Status Of Proposals To Cites Cop 17 Table 7.2: Number Of Authorizations Issued By Kws For Wildlife Research Table 7.3: Research And Development Projects Table 7.4: Wildlife Farming Operations For Trade Table 7.5: Summary Of Wildlife Trade Permits Granted Table 7.6: Source Of Exported Wildlife Materials Table 7.7: Purposes Of Imports/ Exports/ Re-Exports Table 7.8: Exports And Re- Exports Select Specimens Table 7.9: Filming Authorities Granted For Different National Parks Table 7.10: Elephant Ivory And Rhinoceros Horns In Kws Custody Table 8.1: Table 8.2 Table 8.3 Table 8.4 Table 8.5 Table 8.6 Table 8.7 Table 8.8 List plates PLATE: 1 DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN MASAI MARA ECOSYSTEM PLATE: 2 CONFISICATED BUSH MEAT PLATE: 3 TRANSLOCATION OF ZEBRAS IN NAIVASHA TO RIMOI NATIONAL RESERVE PLATE: 4 EAR NOTCHED BLACK RHINO IN LAKE NAKURU NATIONAL PARK PLATE: 5 LIVESTOCK DRIVE OPERATION IN SOUTHERN PART OF TSAVO WEST PLATE: 6 HABITAT FRAGMENTATION MASAI MAU COMPLEX PLATE: 7 ELEPHANT IVORY CARVINGS FOR EXPORT PLATE: 8 OPUNTIA PLATE: 9 PARTHENIUM PLATE: 10 RHINO POARCHING PLATE: 11 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE WATER POLLUTION PLATE: 12 SPOTTED HYAENA PLATE: 13STRIPED HYAENA PLATE: 14 AFRICAN GOLDEN CAT PLATE: 15 SPOTTED NECKED/THROATED PLATE: 16 JACKSON’S MONGOOSE PLATE: 17 ROAN ANTELOPE PLATE: 18 SITATUNGA PLATE: 19 SABLE ANTELOPE PLATE: 20 EASTERN MOUNTAIN BONGO PLATE: 21 GREVY›S ZEBRA PLATE: 22 LELWEL HARTBEEST PLATE: 23 SOEMMERRING’S GAZELLE PLATE: 24 LESSER KUDU NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 13 PLATE: 25 GREATER KUDU PLATE: 26 GIANT FOREST HOG PLATE: 27 TANA CRESTED MANGABEY PLATE: 28 RED COLUBUS MONKEY PLATE: 29 EASTERN TREE HYRAX PLATE: 30BLACK & RUFOUS ELEPHANT SHREW PLATE: 31GOLDEN RAMPED ELEPHANT SHREW PLATE: 32 MONTANE DANCING JEWEL PLATE: 33 ELONGATE NOTHOBRANCH PLATE: 34TURKANA TOAD PLATE: 35SHIMBA HILLS REEDS FROG PLATE: 36BROADLEYIMUD TURTLE PLATE: 37TAITA THRUSH PLATE: 38TAITA APALIS PLATE: 39 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ON TURTLE NESTING SITE PLATE: 40PORCUPINE RAY PLATE: 41BLACK BLOTCHED STING RAY PLATE: 42 BOWMOUTH GUITARFISH PLATE: 43BIGEYE TUNA PLATE: 44 WHALE SHARK PLATE: 45 GREAT WHITE SHARK   List of Figures Figure 2.1: Human Wildlife Conflict Hotspot Map Figure 2.2: Rhino Poaching Trends Between 2012 And 2017 Figure 2.3: Elephant Poaching Trends Between 2012 And 2017 Figure 2.4:No. Of Arrests Between 2015 And 2017 Figure 2.5: No. Of Arrests In Connection To Bush Meat Poaching Between 2015 And 2017 Figure 2.6: Category Of Offences In 2016 And 2017 Figure 2.7: Number Of Wildlife Crime Cases Prosecuted In 2016 And 2017 Figure 2.8: Nature Of Fines For Successfully Prosecuted Cases In 2016 And 2017 Figure 2.9: Summary Of Rhino Horn Recoveries Between 2014 And 2017 Figure 2.10: Elephant Ivory Recoveries Between 2014 And 2017 Figure 2.11: Bush Meat Recovery Trends Between 2015 And 2017 Figure 2.12: Livestock Driven Out Of Protected Areas Between 2015 And 2017 Figure 4.1 National Parks, National Reserves & National Sanctuaries Figure 4.2: Kenya Forest Reserves Figure 4.3: Conservancies In Kenya Fig 4.4 Marine Parks & Reserves Figure.4.5 Athi –Kaputei (Nairobi-Kitengela) - Wildebeest Corridor Figure 4.6: Amboseli- West Kilimanjaro Elephant Corridor Figure 4.7: Lake Naivasha-Elementaita-Lake Nakuru-Eburru Forest Figure 4.8: Tsavo Mkomazi- Elephant Migratory Corridor Figure 4.9: Serengeti-Mara- Wildebeest Migratory Corridor Figure 5.1 Cheetah Distribution Range Figure 5.2: Current Distribution Of African Wild Dog Range Figure 5.3. Spotted Hyaena Distribution Figure 5.4 Stripped Hyaena Range Figure 5.5: Distribution Of Lion Ranges In Kenya Figure 5.7 National Population Trends Of Black & Southern White Rhino 2007 -2017 Figure 5.8. Elephant Range Areas Figure 5.9 Elephant Distribution In Kenya Fig 5.10 Giraffe Range Map Figure 5.11 Roan Antelope Distribution In Ruma National Park PAGE 14 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Figure 5.12. Sable Sighting In Shimba Hills National Reserve Figure 5.13. Current Eastern Mountain Bongo Range In Kenya Figure 5.14. Grevy›s Zebra Historical And Current Range Distribution Figure 5.15 Distribution Of Turtle Species Fig. 7.1: Permitting Requirements For Accessing Biological Resources In Kenya Figure. 7.2: Research Permits Applications For Various Fields Of Study Fig. 7.3: Certificates For Legal Possession Of Wildlife   ACRONYMS ADC- Agriculture Development Corporation AEWA- Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Water birds AWF- African Wildlife Foundation CBD - Convention on Biological Diversity CBO- Community Based Organization CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna CMS- Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals COP- Conference of Parties CWCCC –County Wildlife Conservation & Compensation Committee DRSRS – Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing DVS- Directorate of Veterinary Services EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMCA- Environmental Management and Coordination Act EMP – Environmental Management Plan ESMS- Electronic game trophy Stockpile Management System FAO -United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization FMD - Foot and Mouth Disease GEC - Great Elephant Census HCP- Hirola Conservation Programme HPAI - Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ICIPE- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology IFAW- International Fund for Animal Welfare ILRI- International Livestock Research Institute IOSEA-Indian Ocean and South-East Asia IUCN- World Conservation Union JKIA – Jomo Kenyatta International Airport JKUAT- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology KALRO- Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Institute KECOBO- Kenya Copyright Board KEFRI- Kenya Forestry Research Institute KENGEN- Kenya Electricity Generating Company KEPHIS – Kenya Plants Health Inspectorate Service KFS- Kenya Forest service KIPI – Kenya Industrial Institute Ksh- Kenya Shillings KWCA- Kenya Wildlife Conservancies Association KWS- Kenya Wildlife service LATF- Lusaka Agreement Task Force LPAI- Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza MAT- Mutually Agreed Terms MIKE- Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants MOP- Membership of Parties MTA- Material Transfer Agreements NACOSTI- National Council for Science Technology and Innovation NEMA – National Environment Management Authority NMK – National Museums of Kenya NRT – Nothern Rangeland Trust PAC- Problem Animal Control PIC – Prior Informed Consent NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 15 RCMRD- Regional Centre for Mapping Resource for Development RhODIS- Rhinoceros DNA Indexing System RSPB- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds SOPs - Standard Operating Procedures UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization WCMA- The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013 WWF- World Wildlife Fund PAGE 16 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 CHAP INTRODUC IONAL WILDLIFE ERVATISON STATUS A Wildlife conservation status report is a timebound report of the audit of all factors human or otherwise that affect species health in totality in a defined area. The National Wildlife Conservation Status Report is a requirement in the Wildlife Conservation and Management Act (WCMA, 2013). Part VI- CONSERVATION, PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT, section 49 (4) states that: “The cabinet secretary shall report biannually to the National Assembly through the National Wildlife Conservation Status Report on the status of the efforts to develop and implement recovery plans for all nationally listed species and on the status of all species for which such plans have been developed” The National Wildlife Conservation Status Report gives the status of: all National Parks and Reserves; Conservancies and Sanctuaries; community wildlife scouts in Conservancies; Management Plans; all listed species in Schedule 6 and 7 and their recovery status. Focus is given to the conservation status of endangered listed species, their habitats and factors that influence their population trends. Besides the introduction the report has seven thematic areas namely: • Status of Kenya’s Wildlife Conservation Areas; • Status of listed Wildlife species population and trends; Section 87 sub section (b) of the WCMA, 2013 states; • Threats to Wildlife Conservation; “TheService shall maintain registers of- National Parks, National Reserves, Wildlife Conservancies and Sanctuaries established under this Act and management thereof”. • Wildlife management; In section (c) it notes that; “The Service shall maintain registers of all community scouts involved in the Conservation and management of wildlife”. In section (d) it notes“The Service will maintain registers of- all management plans developed pursuant to the provisions of this Act”. PAGE 18 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 • Status of wildlife recovery plans; • Wildlife utilization; and • Financing in the wildlife sector A short synopsis of the salient issues and concepts captured in the National Wildlife Conservation Status Report is presented in the following pages: 1.1. Conservation Status The status of wildlife species in Kenya constitutes factors that indicate the species viability over time and how the species is likely to become extinct in the near future if recovery measures are not put in place. These factors include; the current population and its viability, population trends, breeding success rates, threats, and management interventions undertaken. a) The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species status listing and ranking system classifies threatened species into nine groups by the following criteria: rate of decline, population size and area of geographic distribution, degree of population and its fragmentation, reduction in population size, geographic range and population size. Also included are species that have gone extinct since 500 AD. When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term “threatened” is a grouping of three categories: Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable The IUCN Red list, a widely used conservation Critically endangered (CR) - Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild Endangered (EN) High Risk of extinction in the wild Extinct (EX) No Known individuals remaining Extinct in the wild (EW) Known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized Population outside its historic range Vulnerable (VU) High risk of endangerment in the wild Near Threatened (NT) Likely to become endangered in the near future Least concern (LC) Lowest risk. Does not qualify for a higher risk Category. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category Data Deficient (DD) Not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of extinction Not Evaluated (NE) Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 19 b) The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) The convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) aims to ensurethat international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Many countries require CITES permits when importing plants and animals listed by CITES. 1.2. Species Recovery Plans An endangered species recovery plan is a document describing the current status, threats and intended methods for increasing rare and endangered species population sizes. Section 49 (1) of the WCMA, 2013 states: The Service may develop and implement recovery plans for the conservation and management of all the species listed under the sixth schedule (2)- The service shall, in developing the recovery plans, to the maximum extent practicable:- (a) Give priority to those rare, endangered and threatened species: and (b) Incorporate in each recovery plani. A description of such site-specific management actions as may be necessary to achieve the plan’s goal for the conservation and survival of the species ii. Objective, measurable criteria which, when met, would result in the species being removed from the list and iii. Estimates of the time and the cost required to carry out the measures needed to achieve the goal of the plan 1.3. Schedule six of the Wildlife Conservation and Management Act: This schedule details the nationally listed critically endangered, vulnerable, nearly threatened and protected species. A summary of the listed species by taxa is presented in Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Summary of the sixth schedule - Listed Species by Taxa CR EN VN NT T Protected Total Mammals 7 19 36 0 0 0 62 Birds 2 12 13 30 0 37 94 Fish 7 4 15 0 0 0 26 Trees 0 2 6 0 0 0 8 Insect 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Taxonomic group Reptiles & Snakes 0 1 1 0 0 10 12 Amphibians Frogs 1 5 1 0 0 7 14 Toads 0 0 0 0 1 3 4 Tortoise 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Terrapin 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Gecko 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 Skinks 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 Lizard 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 Chameleon 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 Turtles 1 2 0 0 1 4 8 19 45 73 30 3 75 244 Total Source: WCMA, 2013 *Sperm whale is repeated in the schedule A protected species is an animal or plant, of which the law forbids harming or destroying. PAGE 20 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 1.4. Invasive Species An “invasive species” means a non-indigenous species trans-located to a place outside its natural distribution range in nature and which dominates other indigenous species or takes over the habitat. The seventh schedule on invasive species lists 1 mammal, 7 reptiles and amphibians, 17 birds, 10 plants and 1 invertebrate. The impacts of invasive species are documented in Chapter four. Not listed in the schedule is the now fast spreading noxious weedParthenium hysterophorusthat has been documented to threaten biodiversity because of its aggressive dominance. Also missing is the top level predator Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) which has caused extinction or near extinction of several hundreds of native fish species in Lake Victoria. It was introduced in the lake in the late 1950’s. 1.5. Management Plans in Protected Areas A management plan for a conservation area is a time-bound and area specific document that provides an integrated planning framework. The WCMA, 2013 recognizes the management plan process (fifth schedule Part 1-General (3) which states that; “A management plan process includes the production of an annual compliance report and a 5 year third-party management report”. It also states that “No development will be approved in the absence of a management plan approved” (Section 44 sub section 4 of the WCMA, 2013). Sub section 3 states that “The cabinet secretary shall, by notice in the Gazette, publish the approved management plans in respect of National Parks, Marine Protected Areas, Wildlife Conservancies and Sanctuaries”. The management plan will be constituted by the following factors; a process (a plan is in the process of being done or reviewed), a Gazette notice, an annual compliance report and a 5 year third party report. 1.6. Wildlife Compensation Section 25 of WCMA, 2013 describes the provisions for compensation for human injury, death, loss or damage to Crop, livestock and Property Damageoccasioned by wildlife and the processes of seeking compensation thereof. The wildlife species inrespect of which compensation may be paid are listed in the third schedule of the WCMA, 2013.It is likely that the upsurge in compensation is due to awareness and the inclusion of Property Damage, livestock and Crop Destruction in the WCMA, 2013 unlike in the previous Act (Cap 376). 1.7. Wildlife Crime WCMA,2013 section 7 (k) gives the service powers to undertake and conduct enforcementactivities such as anti-poaching operations, wildlife protection, intelligence gathering, investigation and other enforcement activities. Part (h) gives provision for security for wildlife and visitors in National parks, Wildlife conservation areas and sanctuaries. 1.8. Consumptive Wildlife Utilization Licensing and regulations The WCMA, 2013 grants the right to anyone interested in dealing in a gainful (wildlife user rights) manner with specified wildlife (tenth schedule of the WCMA, 2013). Section 79 prescribes the process in terms of permits and licenses. This part of the WCMA, 2013 will be guided by licensing and regulation guidelines which are in the process of being gazetted. Section 80 of the WCMA, 2013 prescribes wildlife user rights while sections 81 and 82 deals with assignment of wildlife user rights. Section 80 sub sections 1 of the WCMA, 2013 states that, “the cabinet secretary may, upon successful registration of the applicant with the County Wildlife Conservation and Compensation Committee grant a general permit for non- consumptive wildlife user rights, including Wildlife based tourism, Commercial photography and filming, Educational purpose, Researchpurposes, Cultural and Religious purposes”. Sub section 3 of the WCMA, 2013 states that the Cabinet Secretary will, upon successful registration of the applicant with the County Wildlife Conservation and Compensation Committee, grant a license in accordance with the provision set out in the Eighth schedule with regard to consumptive wildlife use activities, including- Game farming, Game ranching, Live capture, Research involving off-take, Cropping and, Culling. The game farming is restricted to the 21 species of plants and animals listed in the 10th schedule. These comprise of 9 animals species(crocodile, Tortoise,chameleon,snails,frogs,lizard,butterfly snakes and other reptiles); 5 plants species (Aloe, Prunus Africana, East African sandal wood, White Ginger and Camphor Basil); 7 bird species (Ostrich, pigeon, doves, ducks, Helmeted Guinea Fowl, Vulturine Guinea fowl, Quelea). NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 21 NB it is likely the intended bird species was quails (farmed for its meat, eggs and feathers) and not Quelea which is an agricultural pest. 1.9. Challenges and threats to wildlife conservation Section 48 of The WCMA, 2013 deals with restricted activities involving listed species. Section 48(2) a & b clearly points out the negative impacts associated with illegal dealings in wildlife species. Such activities would include trespass, encroachment, off take, pollution, water abstraction without a permit, illegal trade in wildlife products. Challenges to wildlife conservation would constitute lack or inadequate human or capital currency, diseases, natural disasters and legal and policy issues. PAGE 22 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 1.10. Financing Wildlife management in Kenya Financing of the Wildlife sector is covered under Part iii of the WCMA, 2013. It prescribes sources of funds and how they are to be utilized. It allows sourcing of funds from donors and establishment of an endowment fund. All conservancies have their own ways of sourcing for funds. The WCMA, 2013 however gives them a leeway in which they can utilize wildlife as a source of income through wildlife user rights in section 80. This includes consumptive and nonconsumptive utilization.   CHAPTER 2: CONSERVATION, PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE IN KENYA NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 23 2.1. Policy and Legal Framework The conservation and management of wildlife in Kenya is guided by various national laws and policies as well as international protocols. Some of the critical National and International legal frameworks that affect wildlife management and conservation are listed below. 2.1.1. National legal and Policy Framework 2.1.1.1. The Constitution Of Kenya 2010 Wildlife is a national resource under the Constitution of Kenya. Section 69 of the Constitution obligates the State to ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya. Every person has a right to reasonable access to wildlife resources and to enjoy the benefits accruing from them as governed by the WCMA, 2013, and other relevant national laws. Various national legislations as provided for under Section 72 of the Constitution are in place for the management of the environment, land and natural resources. 2.1.1.2. Wildlife Conservation and Management Act (WCMA) 2013 This is an Act of parliament to provide for the protection, conservation, sustainable use and management of wildlife in Kenya and for connected purposes. 2.1.1.3.Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) (Amendment Act 2015) Section 26 of the WCMA 2013 in respect to conservation, protection and management of the environment provides that this shall be in conformity with the provisions of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA). EMCA provides a framework for coordinated management of environment and development matters. It particularly provides instruments and tools for assessing proposed development activities to ensure they are economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally sound. Section 52 of EMCA provides for consultations between NEMA and KWS while prescribing measures for conservation of biological resources. This Act of parliament under Section 58 gives the general provisions for the conducting of an Environmental impact Assessment (EIA). The Act gives NEMA the PAGE 24 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 overall responsibility of ensuring that institutions and businesses premises carry out EIA. Under this act, it is an offence for any person or body to commence, proceed with, execute or conduct any project specified in the second schedule without approval irrespective of whether any other approval had been granted by any other agency. 2.1.1.4. Water Act 2016 This is an Act of Parliament meant to provide for the management, conservation, use and control of water resources and for the acquisition and regulation or rights to use water. This Act is also meant to provide the regulations and management of water supply and sewerage services and to repeal the Water Act 2002 and certain provisions of the Local Government Act and for related purposes. 2.1.1.5. Treaty Making and Ratification Act 2012 This Act specifies provisions under which international instruments, conventions and agreements including those applicable to wildlife conservation, protection and management shall be ratified before implementation. 2.1.1.6. Sessional Paper No. 3 of 1975 Kenya’s wildlife policy is embodied in the Sessional Paper No. 3 of 1975 entitled: “A Statement on Future Wildlife Management Policy in Kenya”. The key elements of this policy among others include:i. Identifies the primary goal of wildlife conservation as the optimization of returns from wildlife defined broadly to include aesthetic, cultural, scientific and economic gains, taking into account the income from other land uses ii. Identifies the need to identify and implement compatible land uses and fair distribution of benefits derived from wildlife including from both nonconsumptive and consumptive uses of wildlife iii. Underscores the need for an integrated approach to wildlife conservation and management in order to minimize human-wildlife conflicts. A revised national wildlife conservation and management policy was formulated in 2012 but remains a draft. Objective 5 of the draft policy seeks to conserve and manage wildlife resources as a national endowment for sustainable development, wealth creation and employment. Amongst the recommendations of the policy is the application of ex situ conservation for species where this option is deemed necessary. 2.1.1.7. The Kenya National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan This is a national framework of action for the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to ensure that the present rate of biodiversity loss is reversed, and that present levels of biological resources are maintained at sustainable levels. Two important goals spelled out in the action plan are: i. To achieve sustainable utilization of resource ecosystem for the benefit of the present generations while ensuring their potential to meet the demands of future generations ii. To preserve genetic resources and biological diversity in the nation’s ecosystem and to preserve their cultural value 2.1.1.8. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 2007 The main objectives of this Act is to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work and to protect persons other than the ones at work against risks to safety and health arising out of or in connection with the activities of persons at work. It assigns duties and liabilities to employers, employees and the public in order to facilitate and promote healthy work environment subsequently enhancing outputs economically. This Act is relevant to the management of wildlife in considering designs and layout of all developments in relation to interactions with people. 2.1.1.9. Land Act No 6 (2012) This Act gives effect to Article 68 of the constitution to revise, consolidate and rationalize land laws and to provide for the sustainable administration of land and land based resources. It assigns the responsibility to the National Land Commission (NLC) to take appropriate action to maintain public land that has endangered or endemic species of flora and fauna, critical habitats or protected areas as well as identifying ecologically sensitive areas that are within public lands and demarcate or take any other justified action on those areas to prevent environmental degradation and climate change. In performing these functions, NLC shall consult institutions dealing with conservation. 2.1.1.10. Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Para-Professionals Act 2011 This is an Act of parliament to make provision for the training, registration and licensing of veterinary surgeons and veterinary paraprofessionals, to provide for matters relating to animal health survices and welfare, and for connected purposes. The Act establishes the Kenya Veterinary Board (KVB) which, amonsgt other functions registers, licenses, controls and regulates veterinary practice and veterinary laboratories, clinics and animal hospitals. 2.1.1.11. County Government Act, 2012 It gives effect to chapter 11 of the constitution to provide for County Government’s powers, functions and responsibility to deliver services. It mandates the County Government to make legislation for the management and exploitation of county resources. 2.1.1.12. Community Land Act (2016) The Act gives effect to article 63 (5) of the Constitution to provide for the recognition, protection and registration of community land rights, management and administration of community land, to provide for the role of County Government in relation to unregistered community land and for connected purposes. The Act also provides for the sustainable management of community land resources for purposes of sustainable conservation of land-based natural resources across counties and commits all respective registered communities to abide by the relevant applicable laws, policies and standards on natural resources. It also provides measures to protect critical ecosystems and habitats; incentives for communities and individuals to invest in income generating natural resource conservation programs; measures to facilitate access, use and co-management of forests, water and other resources by communities who have customary rights to them; resources; community participation in the management and utilization of land-based natural resources. 2.1.1.13. Maritime Zones Act No. 6 of 1989 This Act of parliament provides for the exploration, exploitation, conservation and management NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 25 of the resources of the maritime zones. It also provides for the exploration, exploitation and conservation and management of natural resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) which include regulation, control and preservation of the marine environment. It also provides for the application of the fisheries Act in the management of resources within the territorial waters and the EEZ. 2.1.1.14. Fisheries Management and Development Act, No. 35 of 2016 This is an Act of parliament to provide for the conservation, management and development of fisheries and other aquatic resources to enhance the livelihood of communities dependent on fishing and to establish the Kenya Fisheries Services; and for connected purposes. 2.1.1.15. Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2016 This Act gives effect to article 69 of the constitution with regards to forest resources. It provides for the development and sustainable management, including utilization, of all forest resources and for the socio-economic development of the country and for connected purposes. The Act applies to all forest, public private and community. 2.1.1.16. Sessional Paper No.3 of 2009 on National Land Policy The overall objective of the National Land Policy is to secure rights over land and provide for sustainable growth investments and reduction of poverty. The policy provides a raft of measures geared towards protection, conservation and sustainable management of land and land-based resources. These cover diverse resources and ecosystems such as lakes, drainage basins and wetlands, wildlife and wildlife corridors, forests, fragile ecosystems etc. 2.1.1.17. Vision 2030 The objective of Vision 20130 is to transform Kenya into a newly industrialized middle income country through three economic pillars: Social, economic and political by the year 2030. One of its aims is to promote environmental conservation in support of the economic pillars. Key flagship projects include conservation, rehabilitation of water towers, securing wildlife corridors and improving waste management system. PAGE 26 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 2.1.1.18. Animal Diseases Act cap 364 This is an Act of Parliament to provide for matters relating to the management of animal diseases. 2.1.1.19. Veterinary Policy 2015 The Veterinary Policy is provided for in the Fourth Schedule of the Constitution of Kenya. It aligns developments in the animal resource industry to the Constitution as well as the Kenya Vision 2030 and the international animal health laws, treaties, agreements and conventions ratified by Kenya. Amongst other objectives, the policy provides an enabling environment for safeguarding animal life, health and welfare and ensure that Kenyans benefit from quality health by guaranteeing animal health, welfare and production services. The policy recognises wild animals’ as reservoirs of diseases that can be transmitted to domestic animals and humans. Further, there are game farms which supply game meat. Wild animals therefore need to be considered in the Government’s disease control programmes. 2.1.2. International treaties, Conventions and Agreements Section 109 of the WCMA provides for the implementation of international instruments, conventions and agreements ratified by Kenya in accordance to the provisions of the Treaty Making and ratification Act 2012. These include the following: 2.1.2.1. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) To enhance the conservation of endangered species in accordance to the provisions of the WCMA 2013 Section 48 on restricted activities involving listed species, Kenya is a party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), an international agreement whose aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. States and regional economic integration organizations adhere voluntarily to CITES. Although the Convention is legally binding on the Parties – in other words they have to implement it – it does not take the place of national laws. Rather it provides a framework to be respected by each Party, which has to adopt its own domestic legislation to ensure that CITES, is implemented at the national level. Because the trade in wild animals and plants is cross border, the effort to regulate it requires international cooperation to safeguard certain 2.1.2.5. Animal Welfare Policy Guidelines species from over-exploitation. 2.1.2.2. Ramsar Convention To enhance the conservation and management of wetlands as provided for in Section 33 of the WCMA 2013, Kenya is a Contracting Party to the Convention on Wetlands, called the Ramsar Convention, which is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world. Wetlands are among the most diverse and productive ecosystems. They provide essential services and supply all our fresh water. However, they continue to be degraded and converted to other uses. The Convention entered into force in Kenya on 5th October, 1990. Kenya currently has 6 sites designated as Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites), with a surface area of 265,449 hectares. These are: Lake Nakuru National Park, Lake Naivasha, Lake Baringo, Lake Bogoria, Lake Elementaita and Tana River Delta. Whilst animal welfare issues lay emphasis on the handling and caring of domestic animals, they have been extended to wild animals especially those held in captivity or under the care of humans for whatever reason. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) explains animal welfare as the way an animal is coping with the conditions in which it lives. An animal is in good state of welfare if (as indicated by scientific evidence) it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behavior and it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear and distress. Good animal welfare requires disease prevention and veterinary care, appropriate shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling and humane killing. Animal welfare is said to be compromised if the animal fails to benefit from the five fundamental rights. These are:i. ii. Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area 2.1.2.3. IUCN Red List The list provides taxonomic, conservation status and distribution information on taxa that are facing a high risk of global extinction. The list is necessary to address recovery plans of threatened and endangered in Kenyan in accordance to Section 49 of WCMA 2013. iii. Freedom from pain, injury and disease by preventing or rapid diagnosis and treatment of diseases iv. Freedom to express normal behavior by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animals own kind 2.1.2.4. Convention on Biological Diversity This multilateral environmental agreement is dedicated to conservation of biodiversity and to ensure sustainable use and equitable sharing of genetic resources in response to the principles of agenda 21. The convention calls for the conservation of genetic resources by preserving sensitive ecosystems, rehabilitating degraded habitats and enacting legislation that protects endangered plants and animal species and requests financial assistance for developing countries so that they can afford programmes designed to conserve their biological resources. The convention led to conception and implementation of the national biodiversity Strategy and action plan in Kenya. Freedom from thirst and hunger by providing ready access to fresh water and diet so as to maintain full health and vigor v. Freedom of fear from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering In Kenya, these fundamental rights are safeguarded in the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (CAP 360) and in the Veterinary Surgeons and Veterinary Para-Professionals Act 2011. Details of the provisions of these Acts are necessary at the EIA stages of any project development. 2.1.2.6. Convention of the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matters. The Convention was established to prevent indiscriminate disposal at sea of wastes that could create hazard to human health, marine life, damaging amenities or interfering with other legitimate uses of the sea NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 27 2.1.2.7. African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources The agreement was established to facilitate sustainable use of the natural resources. 2.1.2.8. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) This was established to facilitate close cooperation on the conservation of migratory species within the range states and commit states to act individually or in cooperation with others in taking action that would ensure such species are conserved. 2.1.2.9. Africa-Eurasian Water Bird Agreement(AEWA) The agreement was developed in 1993 from deliberation of Bonn convention for the management and conservation of Tana Delta and associated wetland biodiversity resources. This agreement was triggered by the fact that there are several migratory water birds that use the Tana Delta as wintering site. This has led to the development process for the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) protocol together with an action plan. ICZM provides for the sustainable management for the marine and coastal resources within the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region. 2.2. Stakeholders In Wildlife Conservation And Management The WCMA, 2013 in various Sections empowers the Service to involve stakeholders in the performance of its mandate. For example Section 44 (5) provides for initiation of public consultations for purposes of formulating management plan guidelines, Section 49 (3) provides for the Service in developing and implementing recovery plans to enlist the services of appropriate public, private or nongovernmental organizations and institutions and other qualified persons, and Section 49 (5) provides for the Service to implement a system, in cooperation with the county wildlife conservation committees, community wildlife associations and wildlife managers, to monitor effectively for not less than five years the status of all species which have recovered to the point at which the measures provided pursuant to this section are no longer necessary and which, in accordance with the provisions of this section, have been removed from the lists published in the Sixth Schedule. Pursuant to these provisions, the Service partners with multiple stakeholders, both national and international, in fulfilling its mandate. These include: i) Other government agencies: Kenya Forest Service (KFS), National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Security agencies (Kenya Police Service, National Intelligence Service, Kenya Defense Forces), Kenya Maritime Authority, National Museums of Kenya, National Council for Science Technology PAGE 28 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 and Innovation (NACOSTI), Department of Remote Sensing and Resource Surveys (DRSRS), National Land Commission, the National Assembly, Brand Kenya, Kenya Airports Authority, KENGEN, Ethics and AntiCorruption Commission, The Judiciary, Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service, Kenya Ports Authority, Kenya Roads Board, Kenya Tourism Board, Kenya Tourism Federation, Kenya Water Towers Agency, Office of The Auditor General Kenya among others. ii) Research Institutions and Universities (Local and International): State/private universities and other institutions of higher learning, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology ICIPE), Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Institute (KALRO), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KEMFRI); some of the international institutions include, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Washington State University, Royal Veterinary College, University of Pretoria among others iii) Non-Governmental organizations: David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Animal Welfare Fund (AWF), Born Free Foundation (BFF), International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), Tsavo Trust, Africa Network for Animal Welfare, African Conservation Centre, African Fund for Endangered Wildlife, African Wildlife Foundation, African World Heritage Fund, Amboseli Trust for Elephants, ARN security, Bill Jordan Wildlife Defense Fund, Birdlife International, Care for the Wild International, East African Wildlife Society, Eden Wildlife Trust, Elephant Neighbors Center, Elephant Research Trust Fund, Elephant Voices, Kenya Land Conservation Trust, Giraffe Centre, Frei Geboren, Friends of Conservation, George Adamson Wildlife Preservation Trust, Wildlife Clubs of Kenya Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Direct, World Wide Fund for Nature, Vad Den Berg, Green Belt Movement, Kenya Association for Tour Operators, Nature Conservancy, Tsavo Elephant Research, Save the Elephants, Save the Mau Trust, Stand Out Shout Out, Stop Ivory, Kenya Organization for Environmental Education, Kenya Wildlife Conservancies Association, Kenya Wildlife Trust, Marwell Preservation Trust, Nairobi Green Line, Northern Rangelands Trust, Orpower, Park Action Committee Nakuru, Rhino Ark, Savannah Club Japan, Save Elephant Foundation. iv) International Institutions and Intergovernmental agencies: US Fish and Wildlife, USAID, Zoological Society of London, Lusaka Agreement Task Force, African Union Inter-African Bureau of Animal Resources, British Army Training Unit Kenya, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CITES Mike Programme, Council of Agriculture TAIWAN, Delegation of the European Union to Kenya, Earthwatch Institute, Embassy of Brazil, Embassy of France, Embassy of Israel, Embassy of Italy, Embassy of the People’s Republic of China, Kenya Brazil Cooperation, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, INTERPOL, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Global Environment Facility, High Commission of Canada, German Embassy, French Development Agency, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute of Animal Health, Embassy of the United States, European Union, Food and Agriculture Organization, Forestry Bureau, World Bank, World Organization of Animal Health, Zoo d’Amnéville, San Diego Zoo, Uganda Wildlife Authority, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, United States Agency for International Development, The World Conservation Union (IUCN), Tanzania National Parks, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, Regional Centre for Mapping Resource for Development (RCMRD) Parks Canada, among others v) Community and Private Conservancies: Refer to table 3.5 and 3.6 on conservancies’ chapter 3 vi) County Governments: All the 47 Counties and communities are stakeholders in the management of wildlife resource. vii) Companies and Foundations: CMC Motors, Development Alternatives Inc, EABL Foundation, Ecobank, Elizabeth Glaser Paediatric AIDS Foundation, Kenya Commercial Bank, Kenya Association of Manufactures, Kenya Association of Hotel keepers & Caterers, Bata Shoe Company, Equity Bank Group, Finlays Horticulture, Flamingo Hill Camp, Florensis Kenya Ltd, Toyota Kenya, The Mater Hospital, ICEA Lion Group, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Lake Nakuru Lodge, Meridian Medical Centre, Nakumatt Supermarkets, NIC Bank, Novartis Animal Health, Oserian Development Company Ltd and Sarova Lion Hill Game Lodge. 2.3. Management Plans The WCMA 2013 in Section 44 provides that every National Park, Marine Protected Area, Wildlife Conservancy and Sanctuary shall be managed in accordance with a management plan that complies with the requirements prescribed by the Fifth Schedule. In preparing and adopting a management plan, the Service shall consult with the County Wildlife Conservation and Compensation Committee. In the case of protected areas, the formulation and implementation of management plans shall involve the participation of neighboring communities. The Act further in Section 44 (3) provides that the Cabinet Secretary shall, by notice in the Gazette, publish the approved management plans in respect of National Parks, Marine Protected Areas, Wildlife Conservancies and Sanctuaries and in Section 44 (4) that no development will be approved in the absence of management plans approved in subsection (3). NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 29 The Act also requires that the Cabinet Secretary shall initiate public consultation for purposes of formulating management plan guidelines (Section 44 (3). The guidelines for the development of management plans have been developed using a consultative process and presently awaits gazettment. The management of all protected areas in the country have and continue to be guided by management plans. Table 2.1 gives the status of the management plans with respect to the requirements of the WCMA 2013 as per the reporting period. Table 2.1 Status of Development and Implementation of Management plans No Protected Area 1. Tsavo East 2. Tsavo West 3. Chyulu Hills National Parks Tsavo Road/railway 4. Ngai Ndethya National Reserve 5. 6. Management Agency KWS Plan Title and Duration Status of Management Plan Tsavo Conservation Area Management Plan (2007-2017) • Makueni County No Plan No management plan-The The PA has been encroached South Kitui National Reserve Kitui County South Kitui National Reserve Management Plan (2015-2025) • • Plan is as yet to be gazetted Compliance report 2016 & 2017 not available Amboseli National Park KWS Amboseli Ecosystem management Plan (2008-2018) • The Plan reviewed in 2014 and yet to be gazetted Compliance report 2009-2017 not available Five year third party plan due in 2013 not available No management plan presently New management plan being developed • • • • 7. Nairobi National Park KWS 8. Ol Donyo Sabuk National Park KWS 9. Nairobi Safari Walk/Animal Orphanage KWS 10. Hell's Gate and Mt. Longonot National Parks KWS 11. Lake Nakuru National Park KWS 12. Kamnarok National Reserve Baringo County 13. Lake Bogoria National Reserve Baringo County 14. Masai Mara National Reserve Narok County PAGE 30 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Nairobi national Park Ecosystem Management Plan (2005-2010) No Plan • • Nairobi Safari Walk/Animal Orphanage (20132023) • • Hell’s Gate-Mt. Longonot Ecosystem Management Plan (2010-2015) Lake Nakuru Ecosystem Integrated Management Plan (2002-2012) Kamnarok National Reserve management Plan(1985) Lake Bogoria National Reserve management Plan2007-2012 Masai Mara national Reserve Management Plan (2009-2019) • • The Plan was approved by KWS Board of Trustees but not gazetted No annual compliance report 2012 and 2017 five year third party report not available The draft Plan in progress • • • Plan not gazetted No Compliance report from 2014 – 2017 First 5 year third party expected in 2018 Plan has expired No compliance report for 2014 & 2015 Plan has expired Development of plan in process Plan has expired Plan has expired • • Plan notgazetted No compliance reports for 2014/15/16/17 15. Rimoi (Kerio Valley) National Reserve KWS 16. Lake Elementaita National Sanctuary KWS 17. Naivasha National Sanctuary KWS 18. Central Island National Park KWS 19. Mount Elgon National Park KWS 20. Ndere Island National Park KWS 21. Ruma National Park KWS 22. Saiwa Swamp National Park KWS 23. Chepkitale National Reserve Bungoma County 24. Kakamega National Reserve KWS/KFS 25. Lake Kanyaboli National Reserve Siaya County 26. Nasolot National Reserve KWS 27. South Turkana National Reserve KWS/Turkana County 28. Kisumu Impala National Sanctuary KWS Rimoi National Reserve management Plan (2006-2016) Lake Elementaita Wildlife Sanctuary Management Plan (2009-2019) No Plan • • Lake Turkana National Parks Conservation area Management Plan (2014-2024) Mt. Elgon Ecosystem Interim management Plan (2012-2022) • • Plan notgazetted No compliance reports for 2014/15/16/17 • • Plan not gazetted No compliance reports for 2014/15/16/17 Ndere Island National Park Management Plan (2014-2018) Ruma National Park Management Plan (2012-2017) Saiwa Swamp Ecosystem Management Plan (2002-2012) Mt. Elgon Ecosystem Interim Integrated Management Plan (2012-2022) Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Management Plan(2012-2022) No Plan • • Plan not gazetted No compliance reports for 2015/16/17 Nasolot national Reserve Management Plan (1996-2001) South Turkana national Reserve management Plan (1991-1996) Kisumu Impala Sanctuary management Plan (2010-2015) Plan has expired • • Plan has expired No compliance reports for 2014/15/16 Plan notgazetted No compliance reports for 2014/15/16/17 No management plan Plan has expired Plan has expired • • Plan not gazetted No compliance reports for 2015/16/17 • • Plan not gazetted No compliance reports for 2015/16/17 No management presence Plan has expired Plan has expired NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 31 29. Lake Simbi National Sanctuary 30. Ondago Swamp National Sanctuary 31. Aberdare National Park KWS 32. Mount Kenya National Park Mount Kenya National Reserve Samburu Shaba Buffalo Springs National Reserves KWS 34. Laikipia National Reserve Laikipia County 35. Laikipia National Park Mwea National Reserve KWS 37. Maralal National Sanctuary KWS 38. Meru & Kora National Parks KWS 39. Mwingi National Reserve Kitui County 40. Bisanadi National Reserve Isiolo County 41. Arawale National Reserve Garissa County No Plan No management plan 42. Nyambene National Reserve Meru County No Plan No management plan 43. Rahole National Reserve Garissa County No Plan No management plan 44. Malka Mari National Park KWS No Plan No management plan 45. Sibiloi KWS Plan is being developed 46. South Island Lake Turkana National Parks Conservation area Management Plan 33. 36. PAGE 32 KWS KFS Samburu County Isiolo County KWS/Embu County NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 No Plan No management plan No Plan No management plan Aberdare Ecosystem management Plan (2010-2020) Mt. Kenya Ecosystem Management Plan (2010-2020) • • • • Plan not gazetted No compliance reports for 2014/15/16/17 Plan not gazetted No compliance reports for 2014/15/16/17 Samburu-Isiolo Conservation Area management Plan (2009-2019) • • Plan not gazetted No compliance reports for 2014/15/16/17 Laikipia National Reserve Management Plan (1996-2001) No Plan Plan has expired Mwea National Reserve Management Plan (1998-2004) No Plan Plan has expired Meru Conservation Area Management Plan • • No management plan No management presence Plan has expired No compliance reports for 2014/15/16 (2007-2017) 47. 48. Central island National Park Losai National Reserve (2018-2028) Marsabit County No Plan No management plan Marsabit Forest Ecosystem Managemet plan (2015-2025) No plan • • Kiunga-Boni-Dodori Conservation Area Management Plan (2013-2023) Shimba Hills Ecosystem Integrated Management Plan(2010-2020) Tana River Primate National Reserve Management Plan (2001-2006) Kisite-Mpunguti Marine Coservation Area management Plan (2015-2025) • • Plan not gazetted No compliance reports for 2014/15/16/17 • • Plan not gazetted No compliance reports for 2014/15/16/17 • • Plan not gazetted No compliance reports for 2014/15/16/17 49. Marsabit National Reserve KWS/KFS 50. Arabuko Sokoke Forest Reserve KWS/KFS 51. Kiunga Boni Dodori National Reserves Shimba Hills National Reserve KWS 53. Tana River Primate National Reserve KWS 54. Kisite Marine National Park and Mpunguti Marine National Reserve KWS 55. Malindi Marine Marine National Park & Reserve and Watamu marine National Reserve Mombasa Marine National Park and Reserve Diani Chale Marine National Reserve KWS Malindi Marine Protected Area Management Plan(2016-2026) • • Plan not gazetted No compliance reports for 2014/15/16/17 KWS Marine Protected Area Management Plan (2016-2026) Mombasa Marine National Park & Reserve Management Plan (2001-2006) • • Plan not gazetted No compliance reports for 2014/15/16/17 Plan has expired 52. 56. 57. KWS/KFS KWS Plan not gazetted No compliance reports for 2014/15/16/17 No management plan Plan has expired • The WCMA, 2013 requirement on management plans does not exclude Wildlife Conservancies. NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 33 2.4. Status Of Wildlife Health And Management KWS has a Veterinary Services Department and 7 satellite clinics strategically located in key conservation areas to ensure quick response and effective monitoring of wildlife health in accordance to Section 52 of the WCMA 2013. The satellite clinics are located in Tsavo, Amboseli, Masai Mara, Naivasha, Nanyuki, Meru National Park and Lewa Wildlife Conservancy. The department was established in 1990 and has since grown from the rudimentary unit to a fullyfledged department that is regularly consulted on matters of wildlife health in the eastern Africa region and beyond. The department has been modernizing its operations to meet the ever-evolving challenges in conservation and management of biodiversity including diseases which is one of the significant factors known to decrease species populations’ growths globally. The department applies five main approaches to ensure healthy wildlife populations in Kenya. These are diagnosis and treatment of sick and injured animals, disease surveillance, investigation of diseases outbreaks and instituting appropriate prevention and control measures as well as undertaking research on diseases in wildlife. 2.4.1. Strategies Applied In Managing Diseases In Wildlife In the reporting period, various diseases and over 850 cases of animal injuries were attended to nationally as summarized in the Table 2.2; 2.4.1.1. Diagnosis And Treatment Of Sick And Injured Animals Rapid and accurate diagnosis of sick animals is undertaken in order to facilitate timely treatment, thus reducing mortalities and preventing the spread of disease. The department’s main concern is the direct threat of disease epidemics to the survival and health of all wildlife populations, with emphasis on endangered wildlife populations. Table 2.2: Status of Veterinary clinical interventions in 2015 to 2017 No. Disease/Injury 1. Infection by Clostridium spp. bacteria Arrows/spears 2. 3. 4. Wire snares Other traumatic injuries attributed to humans but exact causes not established No of Cases Eastern Mountain Bongo 170 Affected animals treated, incontact animals vaccinated Masai Mara and Naivasha Foreign bodies removed, wounds topically treated and animals covered with long acting broad spectrum antibiotics Meru 48 70 60 170 50 Tsavo East & West, Taita ranches Mt. Kenya, Laikipia ranches Amboseli, Kajiado Masai Mara and Naivasha Tsavo East & West, Taita ranches 30 Meru 80 Mt. Kenya, Laikipia ranches 60 Amboseli, Kajiado 33 Masai Mara & Naivasha 12 Meru 8 10 Mt. Kenya, Laikipia ranches Amboseli, Kajiado 21 Tsavo East & West, Taita ranches NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Intervention Mt. Kenya Wildlife Conservancy 20 PAGE 34 Region/Area Foreign bodies removed, wounds topically treated and animals covered with long acting broad spectrum antibiotics Treatment of infected wounds and euthanasia in some cases 2.4.1.2. Disease Surveillance Passive and active surveillance of diseases are critical initiatives that mainly focus on diseases that cause mortalities in wildlife, those that have a negative impact on livestock economies and livelihoods and diseases of public health importance, each of which has important consequences for wildlife management. This approach makes it possible to have an early warning of disease outbreaks, including those that could spread to livestock and humans. Besides reducing the cost of disease epidemics, such an approach ensures healthy wildlife populations. Diseases of national and international importance monitored by the veterinary department between 2015 and 2017 are enumerated in Table 2.3: Table 2.3: Wildlife Diseases Monitored in 2015 to 2017 No. Disease, Aetiological Agent 1. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), Morbillivirus 2. Rabies, Lyssavirus 3. Anthrax, Bacillus anthracis 4. Canine Distemper, Morbillivirus 5. Bovine tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis 6. Trypanosomiasis, diverse Trypanosoma species 7. Malignant Catarrhal fever, Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Aphthovirus 8. Status in Wildlife Disease emerging after the eradication of rinderpest possibly due to loss of crossprotection because the two diseases are caused by a virus of the same genus. Serological evidence in wild small ruminants demonstrated. More epidemiological research ongoing in areas with wildlife-livestock interactions such as the Masai Mara. Outbreaks partially responsible for near-extinction of the endangered wild dogs in the Masai-Mara- Serengeti ecosystem in 1980s. Transmitted from wildlife to domestic animals and vice versa. Is fatal in all mammalian species. Many wildlife species are susceptible. Endemic in many wildlife areas Sporadic cases and outbreaks in multiple wildlife species reported in many areas over the years. Recent outbreaks include in 2015 in Lake Nakuru national park resulting in mass deaths of buffaloes and some endangered species like the rhino and Rothschild giraffes. Earlier in 2011, there was an outbreak in Mwea national reserve resulting to significant mortalities of the endangered Rothschild giraffes and in 2005-2006 in northern Kenya resulting to massive deaths of the endangered Grevy’s zebra. Endangered species are vaccinated during outbreaks This is a disease of wild carnivores and domestic dogs. Important for rare and endangered carnivores such as the wild dog. Important co-infection with protozoa is causing enhanced pathology in other species such as lions. Increased incidence in felines suggests emergence of this virus in the cat family. The recent outbreak was in wild dogs in Laikipia/Samburu ecosystem in 2017. Low prevalence rates in baboons and buffaloes reported. A recent study concluded in 2015 in Masai Mara did not get any confirmed cases from samples collected in both live animals and carcasses. The disease has however been reported to be the cause of decline in lion numbers in South Africa and a major problem to the buffalo populations. More studies required particularly in areas of high wildlife and livestock interactions to establish disease prevalence in wildlife. Diverse wildlife species including elephant, rhino, buffalo, warthog, hippo and various artiodactyls are maintenance hosts and are trypano-tolerant but can show high infection rates with various trypanosome species. Confirmed to have caused mortalities in immunologically naïve rhinos trans-located to tsetse infested areas such as Masai Mara national reserve and Meru national park. Wildebeests are reservoirs. Disease limited to areas where cattle and wildebeests interact. It is an emerging issue in Masai land where there is high interaction of wildebeests and cattle, and a potential cause of human-wildlife conflicts in these areas. It is fatal in cattle. Buffaloes persistent carriers of South African Type (SAT)-1 and SAT-2 serotypes. Endemic in many wildlife populations. It is a notifiable disease whose importance in wildlife is because of transmission to livestock where it causes significant negative socio-economic impacts NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 35 9. African Swine Fever (ASF), ASF virus Free-ranging porcine species especially warthogs are asymptomatic carriers of the virus. Widespread and endemic in many wildlife populations. It is a notifiable disease whose importance in wildlife is because of transmission to livestock where it causes significant negative socio-economic impacts 10. Rift Valley Fever, Phlebovirus 11. New castle disease (NCD) 12. Avian influenza 13. Sarcoptic mange in cheetahs in Masai Mara 14. Tick borne diseases A zoonotic disease of great socio-economic importance. Sporadic outbreaks experienced after long inter-epidemic periods. Reported to have affected gerenuks and gazelles in the 2001 outbreak. Studies in wildlife ongoing to understand its epidemiological role Wild bird populations in various parts of the country have been affected by New Castle disease outbreaks in the recent past. Massive die-offs between 2015 and 2017. Migratory wild birds are reservoirs of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) viruses but their role in transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) viruses is still not clear and requires further investigation and research. Kenya lies on a major wild birds’ migratory route linking southern Africa, Europe, and the Middle East, and has several important wetlands for migratory species, hence the risk of HPAI occurrence. Surveillance and research on all the avian influenza viruses (including H5N1) in wild birds is implemented by KWS and other partners following the outbreak in Asia in 2006. To date, no positive cases have been detected. KWS, however, remains alert and continues with passive and active surveillance of the disease. The cheetah population in Masai Mara National Reserve is of significant value, being one of the cohesive populations and a major attraction. The population is persistently sick and infested by parasitic mites such as Sarcoptes scabiei that causes a skin disease called mange. The population is frequently treated by Ivermectin, which is effective, but the animals are usually re-infected. In a recent study to determine the transmission cycle of the mites, it was noted that the Thomson’s gazelle was similarly infested by mites, a significant observation because the gazelles are the preferred prey of the cheetahs. It therefore suggests that the mite transmission pathway is sustained by the predator-prey interactions, and points to the source of persistent re-infections. If untreated, mange causes death in cheetahs and is therefore a real threat to the survival of cheetahs in the Masai Mara. Usually opportunistic in nature particularly during periods of prolonged droughts in malnourished and immune-compromised animals or trans-located naive populations. Mortalities of multiple wildlife species usually experienced in different parts of the country. The diseases include theilerioses, anaplasmosis and brucellosis. Surveillance was done in Eastern Mountain Bongo surrogate species (cattle, bushbuck) in Eburu forest and Mt. Kenya in preparation of re-introduction of captive Eastern Mountain Bongo repatriated from US in 2002 back to the wild. Plate: 1 Disease Surveillance in Masai Mara Ecosystem PAGE 36 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 2.4.1.3. Investigation Of Disease Outbreaks This entails conclusive investigation of all outbreaks of diseases and instituting appropriate control and monitoring systems, including vaccination of endangered species. In the reporting period, there were several disease outbreaks as summarized in the Table 2.4. Table 2.4: Status of disease outbreaks in 2015-2017 No. 1. 2. 3. Disease Outbreak Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Opportunistic tick-borne haemoparasite infection exacerbated by Starvation due to low plane of nutrition and inadequate water supply. Putative filariosis caused by parasitic infection by Stephanofilaria dinniki 4. Tick-borne diseases (Thereliosis & Anaplasmosis) 5. Malnutrition & opportunistic parasites infection 6. Canine Distemper Diagnosis Location Control and prevention Total Mortalities 3 Mass die- offs of Buffaloes (669). Some mortalities of endangered species (5 Black Rhinos, 3 White Rhinos, and 1 Rothschild Giraffe) Buffaloes deaths (3) Lake Nakuru NP Prompt disposal of carcasses by deep burying and disinfection of sites Nairobi National Park Mortalities of 46 Zebras Solio ranch Prompt carcass disposal through burying and environmental decontamination. Water provided using water bowser and fence opened for the animals to move into Solio ranch Large wounds in white and black Rhinoceros. Some wounds were deep below the epidermis. One rhino that had expansive wounds died, which showed that the infection is a threat to the Rhinos population Mass die-offs of impalas, Oryx and Buffaloes (200 Buffaloes, 150 Impalas, 3 Hartebeests and 3 Oryx) Death of common Zebras Meru National Park Infected individuals treated with an antiparasitic drug (Ivermectin) combined with topical treatment of the wounds and systemic antibiotics Mugie ranch Prompt carcass disposal through burying and disinfection. Pastoralists’ livestock which were the source of the pathogens removed from the ranch Carcass disposal by burning 356 In partnership with the Directorate of Veterinary Services vaccinated domestic dogs in the area 70 Mortalities of about 70 Wild Dogs and Jackals Oltepesi & Magadi areas in Kajiado Southern Laikipia 678 46 1 2.4.1.4. Research On Wildlife Diseases The WCMA, 2013 in Section 7 defines one of the functions of the Service as conducting and coordinating research in the field of Wildlife Conservation and management and ensure application of the research findings in conservation planning, implementation and decision making. The veterinary Department undertakes research to better understand disease dynamics in wildlife populations so as to inform the best management methods. Table 2.5 gives the status of Research activities of diseases in wildlife between 2015 and 2017. NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 37 Table 2.5: Research activities on diseases in wildlife in 2015 to 2017 No. 1. Research Bat-borne viruses Objectives Findings Remarks • • • • 2. 3. 4. New Castle Disease • Highly Pathogeni c Avian Influenza (HPAI) • Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) • • Application of noninvasive approaches using fresh faeces to detect viruses of public health importance circulating within the diverse species of Kenyan bats across five regions (former provinces) Viruses studied included Astroviruses, adenoviruses, caliciviruses, coronaviruses, flaviviruses, filoviruses, paramyxoviruses, polyomaviruses and rotaviruses • Determine the strains circulating in wild birds in Kenya especially pigeons and doves that underwent events of mass die-offs previously. • To detect the zoonotic HPAI virus from parlearctic migratory birds (from Europe, America, Asia) • Buffalos are reservoirs of FMD virus making farmers intolerant to having buffalos in their land Research intended to determine the serotypes found in cattle and buffalo occupying a fenced habitat • Anthrax PAGE 38 • Conducted a retrospective survey to determine predictors of anthrax outbreak in wildlife NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Pigeon Paramyxovirus type 1 is the cause of the mass deaths of Laughing doves in Kenya • • • • • The birds were not harbouring the virus. • • • • 5. Except for filoviruses (these cause diseases such as Ebola), eight virus families were detected with varying distributions and positive rates Detected viruses were related to human strains which raises public health concerns particularly considering increased human-bat interaction. • Buffalo and Cattle were highly exposed to FMD virus based on Serology Molecular typing showed that buffalo had SAT1 and SAT 2 FMD virus while cattle had Serotype A and O Results showed limited chance of FMD virus strain sharing between cooccurring cattle and buffalo The results show that early warning system could be used to predict and prepare for anthrax outbreaks • • • This is the first country-wide surveillance of bat-borne viruses in Kenya spanning from 2012–2015 covering sites perceived to have medium to high level bathuman interaction. Many bats’ species are dwelling in houses. Fruit bats are migrating to human populated areas including markets and cities. Thus need for active surveillance The virus strain seems to be species specific to laughing doves, hence the population of the species is vulnerable Current survey is country wide to detect its circulation in diverse species of wild birds and in diverse ecozones There was no HPAI virus in the wild birds Active surveillance need to be maintained since outbreak occurred recently in Uganda The research obtained one of the largest genetic information on FMD virus strains from buffalo The information is important for strategies on control and prevention Detailed data need to be collected to build in a reliable early warning indicators 6. Chimpanz ee health status • Captive chimpanzees at Ol Pejeta Conservancy require health monitoring to ensure preventive health care as majority grow older • 7. Wildlife Injury • • 8. Wild and farmed Quails and guinea fowls • Human inflicted Injuries are common in wildlife. Research determined whether such injuries have influence on parasite infection and immune system Interest in consumptive wildlife motivated the study to determine phenotypic differences in wild and farmed Quails 9. Rift Valley Fever • • 10. Brucella • Conducted a serosurveillance survey in different wild species (elephants, buffalo, Rhinoceros) Sero-surveillance survey in buffaloes and impalas 11. Q-fever • Sero-surveillance survey • 12. Poaching and tusk size • Effect of poaching on elephant tusk size • 13. Tick-borne parasites • Diversity of Theileria and Babesia in elephants and wildebeests • • • The health monitoring determined that body mass index, age and sex are critical indicators of inflammatory disease in captive populations The results in a zebra population showed that Injury has an effect on both immunity and parasites that are normally harmless Research highlighted key traits that stakeholders could use to differentiate the farmed and wild types of these poultry Results show that RVF virus circulates in wildlife species during inter-epidemic periods The results show populations of buffalo and impala in Laikipia are exposed to Brucella spp African buffalo are exposed to Q-fever Findings showed that poaching of elephants has contributed to smaller tusked elephants Elephants and Wildebeests are naturally infected with diverse genotypes, some infectious to livestock • Scheduled health checks continue for humane care of this populations whose life history was traumatic • Wound care in animals is thus critical • These traits are useful for conservation and farming • Wildlife plays a role in the epidemiology of this zoonotic disease • Occupational health risk practice for veterinarians • Disease is of public health importance because of zoonotic potential • Status for other animals need to be determined NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 39 2.4.2. Resources Available For Wildlife Health Management 2.4.2.1. Collaborations In undertaking wildlife health management, the Service has a strong network of local, regional, and international partners working in the areas of animal and human health. The network provides exciting opportunities to develop innovative, collaborative, and integrated approaches to wildlife management. The partners include the University of Nairobi, Directorate of Veterinary Services, International Livestock Research Institute, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organisation, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Washington State University and Royal Veterinary College amongst others. 2.4.3. Emerging issues and challenges in managing diseases in wildlife There are several challenges that are evolving in management of diseases in wildlife populations. These include: • Emergence of new diseases: Although very little is understood about the dynamics of diseases in most wildlife populations, evidence demonstrates that wildlife plays a key role in emergence of many diseases. There are many possible reasons for this phenomenon including the consumption of wildlife as well as ecological factors that affect patterns of contact between livestock and humans with wildlife for example, deforestation, population movements, and intrusion of people and domestic animals into wildlife habitats. Another reason is shifting weather patterns due to climate change that affects hostvector-pathogen dynamics. Additionally, in these days of rapid human and animal movements and threats of bioterrorism, diseases may spread from one continent to another very fast. • Increasing interactions between domestic animals, humans and wildlife: These interactions are a key issue in livestock economies in Kenya, where many communities live in close contact with wildlife. Interactions are increasing due to a number of reasons, including rising human population and frequent droughts, which is bringing wild animals, livestock, and humans into closer proximity at watering PAGE 40 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 points and pastures. Because wildlife is generally susceptible to the same disease agents as domestic animals, it is suffering a spill-over of diseases from domestic animals. • Inadequate knowledge on diseases in wildlife: Appropriate management of diseases in wildlife poses major challenges to wildlife veterinarians because there is still inadequate knowledge of disease dynamics in wild animal populations, which limits the development of effective strategies. • Limited options for disease control: Options for disease control also limited and often have implications for wildlife welfare. Many strategies such as culling and creation of barriers (for example disease-free zones), invariably results in harm to wild animals. Conventional approaches to animal disease control such as vaccination or treatment to reduce transmission also have limitations in wildlife populations. Specific vaccines and treatments are often unavailable or untested for use in wildlife and delivery in field settings is beset by logistic, financial, and ethical considerations. • Inadequate funding: Disease management in wildlife populations is expensive in terms of required resources such as immobilization drugs and darting equipment, transport as often wildlife is found in remote areas and difficult terrains and interventions therefore require immense resources in terms of transport and robust vehicles and sometimes a helicopter for darting. • Limited laboratory capacity for disease diagnoses: The laboratory currently available only has basic diagnostic equipment. Confirmatory diagnoses that require advanced procedures are outsourced from other major reference laboratories within and outside Kenya. There is need to equip the laboratory and train personnel to enhance wildlife health management. • To address the above challenges, the Service is undertaking the following initiatives: • Expanding the range of diseases under its surveillance programs. Surveillance is intended to act as an early warning system for any disease outbreaks. Focus is mainly on diseases that cause wildlife mortalities, those that impact on livestock economies and livelihoods and those of public health importance. • Enhancing collaborations with different stakeholders in the fields of animal, human and environmental health. 2.4.4. Immediate Needs In Wildlife Health i. Regular training of veterinary and laboratory teams so as to constantly be honed with current epidemiological and diagnostic skills. ii. Increased funding of disease surveillance programs to enhance early detection of disease outbreaks and ultimately lower the cost of managing disease epidemics iii. Establishment of an emergency fund to ensure efficient and effective response to disease outbreaks iv. Modernization of veterinary and capture equipment to enhance response to disease outbreaks including effective and efficient translocation of vulnerable endangered species where need be. 2.5. Wildlife Forensic and Genetics Laboratory In 2015, KWS launched the forensic and genetics laboratory, making Kenya the second country in Africa after South Africa to apply Wildlife DNA forensic analysis in wildlife law enforcement. This is in line with the implementation of the WCMA 2013 Section 7 that defines the functions of the Service. The benefits of the facility include: • Employing modern DNA technology that will assist in the provision of accurate identification of wildlife and wildlife products in order to strengthen prosecution of wildlife crimes. This is important because the rate of poaching for bush meat and trophies especially for rhino horns and ivory is leading to alarming decline of wildlife biodiversity. • Assist in developing the Rhinoceros DNA Indexing System that will enable Kenya have a credible gene and data bank of rhinos for effective monitoring and application of other interventions that would increase and sustain Kenya’s rhino populations. • Since Kenya is a hub for international flights, smuggled wildlife and/or wildlife products are frequently confiscated at JKIA. The laboratory will aid the identification and possible source of products such as rhino horns especially once the rhino DNA indexing database is completed. • Assist in the certification or licensing for export of products whose identification is suspect e.g. ornaments made from animal products, for business or research. This will curb illegal exploitation of Kenya’s biodiversity and genetic resources. 2.5.1. Bush Meat Cases The Table below summarises the number of bush meat cases analyzed by the Laboratory for prosecution purposes: Plate: 2 Confisicated Bush meat NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 41 Table 2.6: Bush meat cases analyzed in the forensic lab for prosecution purposes No. County 2. Nakuru 17 3. Lamu 11 4. Narok 10 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Mombasa Machakos Tana River Taita-Taveta Garissa Kilifi Nairobi Laikipia Malindi Makueni Wajir Kitui Garissa Kisii Nyeri Isiolo Nyandarua Nanyuki 8 8 7 6 5 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. Kajiado No. Of Cases PAGE 42 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 51 Species Identified Zebra, common eland, impala, cattle, Grant's gazelle, wildebeest, Plain's zebra, dikdik, Thompson's gazelle, giraffe Plain's zebra, warthog, buffalo, Donkey, Blue wildebeest Lesser Kudu, Buffalo, Waterbuck, Hippopotamus, Buffalo Plain's zebra, hippopotamus, Common Eland, buffalo, Red fronted gazelle Green sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, leopard, rhino Hartebeest, wildebeest, Plain's zebra Buffalo, waterbuck, elephant Impala, elephant, common warthog Giraffe, lesser kudu Donkey, Green Sea turtle, Hippopotamus, dikdik Donkey, Common Eland, elephant Buffalo, rhino Bush pig, Elephant, Grey francolin, dikdik Elephant, Cheetah, Leopard Giraffe Elephant Giraffe Cheetah Aadvark Degraded exhibit Bushbuck Bushbuck 2.5.2. Status of Ongoing Projects Table 2.7: Ongoing projects to develop genetic databases No. Project Name 1. 2. Status Elephant genetics database for east African region • Rhinocerous DNA indexing System (RhODIS™) Project • • • • 3. Barcode of Wildlife Project • • • • • • Objective is to build a collaborative forensic network between Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda that will result in development of a genetic database for elephant populations in East Africa. Over 200 samples of elephant tissue from different populations have been collected and are at various stages of analysis. The database will be used to enhance the detection and validation of poaching hot spots within the region and link seized products to their original crime scene to enhance prosecution of ivory traffickers The project is developing a DNA forensic database for all rhinoceros in Africa range states. The database will be utilized to trace confiscated horns or other rhinoceros material to a specific source. This will provide complete traceability of rhinoceros products and build a basis for strong legal evidence in courts. It will also act as a major deterrent to poaching activities as it will greatly enhance the ability of enforcement agencies to secure prosecutions. Project commenced in 2012 in collaboration with University of Pretoria and WWFKenya. The database will be fully secured and owned by Kenya with restricted access. Google’s Global Impact Awards program has provided funding for the project involving six countries including Kenya (represented by KWS and NMK) Project aims to build DNA barcode reference library for CITES and threatened animal and plant species The DNA barcode will enable accurate identification of plant and animal materials. This will assist in developing processes for border inspection, courtroom prosecutions and other enforcement measures The project started in 2014. It is coordinated by the Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) headquartered in Washington, DC So far, Kenya has over 1000 Barcodes in the GenBank. The forensic laboratory has contributed over 200 of these from priority animal species The Service is currently using the DNA Barcoding reference library for timely and easy exhibit identification, which is presented as evidence in court cases. Convictions have been achieved in concluded cases using DNA barcode as evidence. NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 43 2.5.3. Challenges and Needs of The Forensic Laboratory i. Inadequate computer hardware and software: There is need to acquire required computer hardware and software for the inventory of forensic and other wildlife samples in the lab ii. Inadequate laboratory personnel: There is need for recruitment of additional staff as a matter of priority to work in the lab and help achieve the envisaged objectives of the wildlife forensic laboratory. iii. Training of laboratory personnel: There is need to upscale training of lab personnel to maintain the database and first responders and sample collection teams on proper samples collection, how to fill in sample collection forms, preservation and maintenance of chain of custody. 2.6. Translocations And Species Management Activities iii. Re-introduction of wildlife species into former habitats 2.6.1. Translocations Translocation of wildlife is usually considered a last resort by the Service in fulfilling its mandate. However, as Kenya’s biodiversity faces the incessant threats of habitat loss, invasive species and climate change, this type of conservation intervention is becoming more frequent. It is undertaken to address various management purposes such as: i. iv. Mitigate habitat destruction through destocking v. Mitigate human-wildlife conflicts vi. Stocking species so as to increase genetic pool and improve breeding. The table 2.8 gives the translocation activities undertaken in the reporting period. Establishment of sanctuaries ii. Introduction of wildlife species into new habitats Table 2.8: Translocations in 2015 and 2017 No. Species and numbers Donor site Recipient site Objective for translocation 13 Black rhinos Lake Nakuru National Park and Lewa Conservancy Sera Conservancy 2. 11 Oryx Haller Park in Bamburi 3. 3 elands, 6 waterbucks Haller Park in Bamburi 4. 29 warthogs Sumbatini farm in Kajiado Tindress sanctuary in Nakuru Tindress sanctuary in Nakuru Nairobi National Park Implementation of species recovery plans for the black rhino by establishing a new in Sera Rhino Sanctuary Establish a private sanctuary 5. 20 Common, Zebras, 8 Rothschild giraffe, 29 Waterbucks, 22 Impalas 6 Lions Naivasha Rimoi National Reserve Ol Pejeta conservancy Tsavo West N.P 5 Giraffes, 6 zebras, 9 Impalas Wileli conservancy in Naivasha Bora Bora conservancy in Diani, South Coast 1. 6. 7. PAGE 44 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Establish a private sanctuary Mitigate human-wildlife conflict and rescue from starvation following prolonged drought Restocking of Rimoi National Reserve 7 giraffe trans-located successful with 1 fatality Mitigate human-wildlife conflicts, Reduce predators in rhino Sanctuary Establish a new private sanctuary Plate: 3 Translocation of zebras in Naivasha to Rimoi National Reserve 2.6.2. Species Management Activities The table 5.12 gives the management actions undertaken to support various species recovery plans as provided for in the WCMA 2013 Section 49 that empowers KWS to develop and implement recovery plans for the conservation and management of all species listed under the Seventh Schedule. In Section 49 (2) (b) (i), the WCMA, 2013 empowers the Service to incorporate in each recovery plan a description of such site-specific management actions as may be necessary to achieve the plan’s goal for the conservation and survival of the species. Table 2.9: Species management activities in 2015 and 2017 No. Species 2. 3. 4. White Rhinos Black rhinos Elephant Ear notching and fitting microchips Ear notching and fitting microchips Fit horn transmitters Collaring 5. Lions Collaring 6. Buffalo Collaring Tsavo West IPZ Tsavo, Amboseli, Masai Mara Nairobi, Ol Pejeta, Soysambu, Masai Mara 7. 8. Wildebeest Wild dog Collaring Collaring Kajiado Laikipia 1. Black Rhinos Intervention Location Meru, Lake Nakuru, Masai Mara, Nairobi, Lake Nakuru Status Enhance monitoring and individual identification Enhance monitoring and individual identification Enhance monitoring Establish migratory corridors and mitigate Human-elephant conflict Mitigate Human-wildlife conflict Establish wildlife-livestock interphase for disease surveillance Establish migratory corridors Enhance monitoring NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 45 Plate: 4 Ear notched black rhino in Lake Nakuru National Park 2.7. Status Of Captive Wildlife Management And Animal Welfare In undertaking its mandate, KWS endeavors to conserve wild animals free ranging in their natural habitats. However, situations do emerge that necessitate some animals to be conserved ex situ in captivity to assure them of a life. Captive facilities are therefore established to take care of such animals. A captive wildlife facility therefore refers to a sanctuary or an orphanage that provides shelter and care to animals that have been abused, injured or sick, abandoned or orphaned, illegally held or are otherwise in need. It also includes animals kept for education and tourism purposes in museums and education centers. There are 3 public (KWS) managed facilities in the country. The WCMA 2013 Section 80 Section (1) on wildlife user rights provides that PAGE 46 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 the Cabinet Secretary may grant a permit for non-consumptive wildlife user rights, including i. Wildlife-based tourism ii. Commercial photography and filming iii. Educational purposes iv. Research purposes v. Cultural purposes vi. Religious purposes. Following these provision by the WCMA, 2013, permits have been granted 20 private facilities have been licensed and are operational. Another 5 are provisionally approved and in different stages of development. Table 2.10: Status of captive wildlife facilities No Name Location Wildlife Kept Nairobi Lions, leopard, rhino, cheetahs, hyaenas, pygmy hippo, assorted ungulates, ostriches, primates, crocodiles, etc. Lions, leopard, mongoose, hyaenas, cheetahs, assorted ungulates, primates, crocodiles, etc. Lions, cheetahs, buffaloes, leopard, tortoises, parrots, guinea fowls, assorted ungulates.. Established and KWS Managed 1 Nairobi Safari Walk 2 Nairobi Animal Nairobi Orphanage 3 Kisumu Impala Kisumu Sanctuary Established Private or Community Owned 4 Haller Park (Larfage ecosystems) Reteti Elephant Orphanage Eldoret nature and conservation centre (Poa Place) Mt. Kenya Game Ranch Mombasa Giraffe, eland, Oryx, tortoises, and snakes Namunyak Conservancy Eldoret Elephants Nanyuki David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust Sweet waters Chimpanzee sanctuary Ol Jogi Nairobi and Tsavo East Ol Pejeta Conservancy Nanyuki Eastern Mountain Bongo, primates, cheetah, hyrax. Have made a request for lions and developed suitable infrastructure- animals not yet provided Elephants and rhinos 11 National Museums of Kenya Nairobi, Kitale, Kisumu 12 Institute of Primate Research Raptor Rehabilitation Centre Karen, Nairobi Primates Karen Birds of prey 14 Giraffe Centre Karen Giraffes 15 Colobus Trust Centre Diani Colobus monkeys 16 Blue Post Thika Crocodiles 17 Watamu turtle watch Watamu Turtles 18 19 20 21 22 Mawingu Baringo Mamba Village Mamba Village Dari Estates Nanyuki Baringo Mombasa Nairobi Karen Lion Snakes Crocodiles Crocodiles and ostriches Impalas and Thompson gazelle 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 Lions, crocodile, snakes, cheetahs, porcupines, ostrich, primates Chimpanzees Leopard, pygmy hippo, eland, assorted birds, hyena, cheetah, elephant, bear. Snakes and tortoises NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 47 2.7.1. Objectives of Captive Facilities The primary objective of a captive facility is to nurture and provide care to animals found in distress and where possible rehabilitate them back to the wild. The presence of animals in captive facilities leads to the following uses: i. Conservation Education and Awareness: All captive animal facilities are required to have an active conservation education and awareness program to educating the Kenyan public about wildlife and their habitats. They encourage learning and engender positive attitudes and values towards animal welfare, nature and its conservation. ii. Promotion of tourism: Members of the public who visit captive facilities are encouraged to visit parks and see free ranging wildlife in their natural habitats. iii. Raising funds to conserve wild living populations. iv. Research: Research in captive facilities is encouraged and priority is given to research that will be of benefit to conservation in the wild or to inform improvement of animal welfare. The research methodologies employed are non-invasive as much as possible. 2.7.2. Sources of Animals Captive facilities do not take wildlife out of the wild to stock as this would defeat the conservation ethic. KWS at all times endeavors to conserve wildlife in situ except for extremely deserving cases that need rescue for care in a captive facility. Animals in the following situations are considered for rescue: i. Young animals found orphaned or abandoned and which cannot survive on their own in the wild ii. Animals with severe injuries which would compromise their survival in the wild Wildlife Conservation and Management WCMA, 2013 Laws of Kenya have been committed vi. Other sources of captive animals may include donations of exotic and indigenous species. Where an animal is to be rescued from the wild to be kept in captivity, the following 3 criteria, in order of priority, are employed: i. The conservation status of the animal species: Threatened, endangered, vulnerable and endemic species are given first priority ii. Age of the animal: Only very young animals found without any of their kind are rescued from the wild. Before such rescue, the animals are monitored for an appropriate period of time to ascertain that they deserve rescue. iii. Extent of the injury/disease: Only very deserving cases that would require close veterinary observation are rescued for treatment and observation. Otherwise, veterinary interventions are undertaken in the field. Upon recovery, the animals are assessed to determine suitability for release back to the wild. If the injury/disease even after recovery compromises its survival in the wild, the animal is retained in captivity. 2.7.3. Rehabilitation Back To The Wild Recognizing the important role each animal species plays in the ecosystem, captive facilities have release back to the wild strategies depending on whether the species can be rehabilitated into the wild. However, in some cases during the course of treatment and care, some animal species such as the large carnivores get habituated making it extremely difficult if not impossible to rehabilitate them back to the wild because of: i. Inability to fend for themselves because hunting is learned from an early age from mothers iii. Animals confiscated from keepers or smugglers without valid licenses and documents which on assessment are found to be habituated such that their survival in the wild is not guaranteed ii. Familiarity with humans which would make them move towards human settlements iv. Exotic species confiscated from smugglers at points of entry or exit without valid documents iii. Homing instincts which would make them attempt to go back to their original home v. Any animal in respect of which a breach of any of the provisions of the iv. Territorial nature of the species which may lead to introduced animals being killed PAGE 48 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 or driven away by resident individuals. i. In addition, non-indigenous species confiscated while on transit through Kenya without proper documentation are also not released back to the wild because of risks of hybridization with local species. ii. Poor quality feed and nutrition Consequently, captive animal facilities become the homes for un-releasable individuals for purposes of nurturing them and assuring them of a life. 2.7.4. Emerging Issues And Challenges In Captive Wildlife Management Keeping wildlife in captivity poses many challenges and difficulties among which are ethical questions concerning animal welfare. As knowledge and societal values change, so does the focus of wild animals in captivity and the regulations governing them. Despite these concerns and difficulties however, the practice of rescuing animals found in distress will continue. It is the desire of KWS as the competent authority in wildlife conservation and management to do its best to ensure that captive wild animals are maintained in a professional, humane and healthy manner to ensure the welfare of each individual animal. Whilst there are many examples of good practice, some captive wild animals suffer because of poor welfare standards. Shortcomings include: Poor designs such as undersized and ‘barren’ cages and enclosures, unsuitable floor surfaces that can be injurious to the animals and also difficult to clean to maintain good hygiene iii. Inadequate veterinary/health care iv. Poor management and maintenance due to insufficient expertise in appropriate animal care Section 80 (2) of the WCMA 2013 provides that the permit issued for non-consumptive wildlife user rights shall be in a prescribed manner and may set conditions in regard to duration, infrastructure development and any other aspects as may be appropriate. In this regard, the Service has developed Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to ensure animals kept in captive facilities are rescued in accordance to existing laws and regulations and are provided adequate care after rescue. In addition, KWS has also developed policy guidelines that prescribe the purposes for which wildlife shall be kept in captivity, sources of such animals and the procedures and measures for acquiring them, minimum acceptable welfare standards as well as inspections and audits by KWS and stakeholders amongst other considerations. A permit for wildlife user rights for keeping wildlife in captive situations may be withdrawn pursuant to Section 82 (1) if the licensee is in breach of the terms and conditions thereof or if the action is found necessary for purposes of protecting and conserving wildlife or if the licensee so requests. 2.8. Human Wildlife Conflict And Management Human wildlife conflict (HWC) is the interaction between humans and wildlife that results in negative impacts on: i. Human’s social, economic or cultural life ii. Conservation of wildlife iii. The environment. Human wildlife conflict has emerged as a great challenge to wildlife management and a major threat to wildlife conservation. This is because wildlife habitats are not only confined to protected areas but also extend into community and private lands. Factors which have contributed to escalation of human wildlife conflict include: i. Human demographic changes in terms of population increase on limited space ii. Human encroachment into wildlife areas iii. Increase land use pressure; incompatible uses in wildlife areas such as agriculture, settlement and urbanization iv. Persecution of wildlife v. Competition for pasture, space and water due to reduced habitat, conflicting land uses and climatic changes. Human wildlife conflict is widespread in Kenya but there are some specific areas where it is more pronounced (hotspots). Figure2.1 shows the Human wildlife conflict hotspots in Kenya NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 49 Lacuna wildlife 9mm If.? I'lnuumnn Illuwmpm Illumm?umn - 5mm Contact tummy Lm 0. ARINENP . i INENR SHMBAHIL . NR OM: - ARINENR mumu men IINENP Figure 2.1: Human Wildlife Con?ict Hoispoi Map NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 50 The table 2.11 gives the types and number of conflicts reported between 2015 to 2017 and the wildlife species involved. Table 2.11: Crop Destruction, Livestock &Property Damage conflict reported cases by third schedule listed Species Animal Incident Type 2015 2016 Jan-Feb 2017 Grand Total Cheetah Elephant Livestock Injury/Death Crop Destruction Livestock Injury/Death Property Damage 14 949 18 4 30 1835 6 9 3 189 2 2 47 2973 26 15 Hippo Crop Destruction Livestock Injury/Death Property Damage 63 6 0 99 5 1 31 2 0 193 13 1 Hyaena Livestock Injury/Death Property Damage Livestock Injury/Death Livestock Injury/Death Livestock Injury/Death Livestock Injury/Death Crop Destruction Total Incidences 330 2 278 192 10 58 66 4,005 240 1 143 115 9 28 16 4,553 40 0 48 25 2 3 1 348 610 3 469 332 21 89 83 4,875 Leopard Lion Snake Wild Dog Zebra Table 2.12: Human death and injury cases by third schedule listed species 2015 2016 SPECIES Cheetah DEATH 0 Elephant 24 28 32 24 21 9 Hippo 14 17 10 21 4 5 Hyaena 1 34 4 19 0 5 Leopard 2 24 3 22 0 5 Lion 3 18 6 15 2 6 Rhino 0 1 0 0 0 0 Shark 0 8 0 2 0 0 Snake 119 1612 82 913 20 145 Sting Ray 0 6 0 1 0 0 Stone Fish 0 1 0 3 0 0 Wild Dog 1 16 0 8 0 0 Wild Pig 0 0 0 3 0 0 164 1,766 137 1,031 47 175 Total INJURY 1 DEATH Jan to Feb 2017 INJURY DEATH INJURY NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 51 2.8.1. Status Of Wildlife Compensation The WCMA, 2013 gives affected Individuals the right to claim for compensation for human death, human injuries, Livestock Injury/ Death loss, damage to Crop and properties occasioned by wildlife. This right is stipulated in section 19(i) and section 25 (1) and (4) of the WCMA, 2013. To facilitate this process, The WCMA 2013 provides for the establishment of County Wildlife Conservation and Compensation Committees (CWCCC’s) which are comprised of a Chairperson appointed by the Cabinet Secretary through a competitive process, four persons not being public servants nominated by community wildlife associations, a representative of the County Government and PAGE 52 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 other relevant technical officers at the County Government level. KWS County Wardens are the secretaries to the CWCCC. The CWCCC’s inter alia are responsible for receiving and assessing all compensation claims from the Counties and make recommendations to the Ministerial Wildlife Compensation Committee (MWCC). The MWCC reviews and validates/ rejects the claims and recommends payment of compensation claims as appropriate. Forty seven (47) CWCCCs were gazetted on 6th March 2015, inducted and commenced discharging their functions as per provisions of the WCMA, 2013. The table 2.13 gives a summary of human injury and human death wildlife claims (per county) paid during the 2015 to 2017 period. Table 2.13: Status of paid claims per County for human injuries and deaths NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 COUNTY Baringo Bomet Bungoma Busia Embu Garissa Homabay Isiolo Kajiado Kericho Kiambu Kilifi Kirinyaga Kisumu Kitui Kwale Laikipia Lamu Machakos Mandera Makueni Marsabit Marakwet Meru Nandi Nakuru Narok Nyandarua Nyeri Samburu Siaya Taita Taveta Tana River Tharaka Nithi Transnzoia Turkana Wajir West Pokot TOTAL 2015 18 1 1 1 28 20 7 1 16 6 1 14 13 18 120 24 8 0 13 8 16 110 9 8 9 2 26 0 0 0 4 19 0 7 1 13 198 26 2,781 2016 2 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 2 0 5 6 2 0 5 1 2 8 0 0 0 1 0 2,066 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 2017 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 1 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 2 2 5 0 0 2 1 2 2 0 1 5 0 1 6 2 10 7 0 0 0 0 1 2,078 PAGE 53 2.8.2. Human Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Measures Communities living around the wildlife conservation areas and those that host wildlife in their land bear the blunt of HWC. To address the Human Wildlife Conflict challenge, KWS in collaboration with stakeholders has adopted an integrated approach: through use of wildlife barriers such as electric and non electric fences, predator proof bomas; translocation of problematic species, use of audio-visual deterrents, use of diversion tactics, use of technology i.e. collars, education and awareness programs, strategic placement of the Problem Animal Management Unit, community support and provision of compensation for loss of Livestock Injury/Death, life and injury. KWS also endeavors to support the livelihoods of these communities through CSR projects. 2.8.2.1. CSR And Fence Projects Between 2016 And 2017 Table 2.14: CSR and fence projects between 2015 and 2017 Name of the Project County 1. Ndebai classrooms Nakuru 100 % 2. 3. 4. Ndurumo classrooms Mulok classrooms Pre- fabricated beds for Mwakitau dormitory Kabukuro Bore Hole Kiwanja Ndege primary school fence project Mwakitau secondary school Girls Dormitory Olorukoti secondary school laboratory Sibanga Community Bore hole Mathunzuni primary school -Makueni Mwakitau Ndii fence 70km fence Kamutonga –Bura 30km Nyeri Baringo Taita Taveta 95 % 70% 100% Meru Wajir 20 % 100% Taita Taveta 100 % Trans- Mara 100 % Bungoma 95 % Project Completed and handed over on 11th Feb, 2017 Finishing works ongoing Ongoing Project Completed and handed over done on 19th June 2017 Ongoing Project Completed and commissioned on the 6th April 3, 2017, Projected completed and commissioned on 19th June 2017 Project completed and handed over on 23rd may 2017 Power supplied, piping complete. Makueni 80 % Ongoing Taita Taveta 20 % Construction works launched on 19th June 2017 Taita Taveta 20 % Construction works launched on 19th June 2017 S/N 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. PAGE 54 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Status Remarks 2.9. Wildlife Security And Law Enforcement 2.9.1. Introduction And Background WCMA, 2013 Section 7 (k) gives the service powers to undertake and conduct enforcement activities such as anti-poaching operations, wildlife protection, intelligence gathering, investigation and other enforcement activities. The WCMA, 2013, in Section 7 (h) also provides for the provision of security for wildlife and visitors in National Parks, wildlife conservation areas and sanctuaries. These govern how security of wildlife will be undertaken to ensure its sustainability and posterity. As a developing country, Kenya is characterized by a high level of dependency on natural resources for survival. This invaluable wildlife resource is the target of illegal activities such as poaching and illegal exploitation and other wildlife crimes which have been on the increase all over the world in the recent past. These environmental and wildlife crimes have both direct and indirect negative impact on local communities, including depletion of the resource base on which they depend for their livelihoods besides altering of the local environmental conditions. With a significant population of wildlife living outside the protected areas on a seasonal or permanent basis, the country’s wildlife resource has suffered from the effects of human economic activities, poaching, human-wildlife conflict and demand for wildlife products in the illegal market amongst other factors. The crimes also pose a great threat to national, regional and international conservation efforts. It also works against the spirit of the country’s Vision 2030 by jeopardizing our wildlife based tourism industry and natural resource base. Wildlife crime is often cited as a means to finance the more violent and destructive activities of criminal and terrorist organizations because of the major financial benefits derived from relatively minimal time, investment and low risks of detection. The huge profits made from illicit wildlife trade acts as an incentive to organized crime networks and also lure more involvement in crime by vulnerable segments of the public such as the youth and the unemployed. 2.9.2. Status of Poaching Trends Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) is mandated to enforce existing laws and treaties protecting wildlife and continued to carry out its mandate of protecting Kenya’s biodiversity by eliminating poaching within protected areas and reducing it to a bare minimum outside protected areas, ensuring the safety of tourists in the protected areas and safeguarding all KWS revenue, assets and facilities. Figure 2.2: Rhino poaching trends between 2012 and 2017 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 55 The rhino poaching reduced by 10% in 2017 as compared to 2016. This was also an 85% reduction in rhino poaching compared to when poaching was at its peak in 2013 (and lowest in 9 years). Figure 2.3: Elephant poaching trends between 2012 and 2017 The elephant poaching reduced by 7% in 2017 as compared to 2016. This was also a 79% reduction in elephant poaching compared to when poaching was at its peak in 2012 (and lowest in 10 years). 2.9.3. Arrests enforcement effort by Security personnel in collaboration with stakeholders. Illegal possession of Game trophies, Livestock incursion into protected areas, habitat destruction and poaching constituted the largest offences in terms of the number of suspects arrested. During the year a total of 1401 suspects were arrested and prosecuted for various wildlife law offences as a result of enhanced law Figure 2.4: No. of arrests between 2015 and 2017 PAGE 56 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Figure 2.5: No. Of arrests in connection to bush meat poaching between 2015 and 2017 2.9.4. Status of Wildlife Crime Prosecution Wildlife law enforcement influences how wildlife protection is sustained. In its endeavor to enhance prosecution of wildlife crime, KWS has established a crime scene management unit to strengthen its prosecution section. 21 new prosecutors (Thirteen (13) Prosecutors and eight (8) Prosecution Assistants) were recruited from within the Service, this enhanced our own capability to prosecute wildlife cases. In 2016, the offences against wildlife numbered 317 cases while the offences against habitat totaled 33 thus representing 84% and 9% respectively, whereas the other cases such as Firearms, illegal entry etc. represented 7% of the total cases prosecuted. However, in the year 2017, the offences against wildlife numbered 259 cases while the offences against habitat totaled 38 thus representing 84% and 12% respectively, whereas the other cases such as Firearms, illegal entry etc. represented 5% of the total cases prosecuted. Out of these, the highest number of ivory cases prosecuted over the two years was 209 cases in 2016 and 169 cases in 2017. Figure 2.6: Category of offences in 2016 and 2017 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 57 2.9.5. Status Of Cases Before Court The total 685 cases were prosecuted during the period (378 in the year 2016 and 307 in the year and 2017 respectively) across 31 courts around the country. Figure 2.7: Number of wildlife crime cases prosecuted in 2016 and 2017 The service realized 69 and 76 new cases, 264 and 204 ongoing cases and 66 and 48 finalized cases in 2016 and 2017 respectively. Four (4) life imprisonment sentences were handed down in various courts around the country in the year 2016 compared to one (1) life imprisonment sentence conviction recorded in 2017, this might be attributed to the fact that the use of section 92 of the WCMA, 2013 was rendered ambiguous by the High Court in Nairobi and as such many courts have been exercising caution in the use and application of this section in any wildlife case before it and for the adherence of High Court precedence, yet it is the only section of the Act that provides for the life imprisonment. There are however, some deliberations to address the shortcomings that continues to be highlighted in the WCMA, 2013 during prosecution of Wildlife cases such as lack of the provisional section to address illegal fishing or harvesting of East African sandalwood species (osyris lanceolata) which requires a lot of protection and which previously enjoyed the presidential protection decree/directive due to its destructive harvesting and exploitations. PAGE 58 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 In total three (3) cases were reportedly withdrawn due to various reasons such as nonavailing of police files and nonattendance of crucial witnesses who includes the Investigating Officers (I.O) and the experts from NMK or other quarters. Withdrawal of any ongoing case is under the discretionary powers of the presiding prosecutor upon exhaustive consultations with the relevant authority which in this case is the Service. This application as aforementioned may also include lack of enough evidence, absconding of court attendance by the accused persons or death of an accused person among many others. When the case is withdrawn under Section 87(a) of the Criminal Procedure Code, the accused person may be re-arrested and charged for the same offence once he is found. Convictions ranged from Fines of KSh. 40 Million to KSh. 6,000/- on the minimum depending on the nature of offences committed over the period. It should however be noted that the service protects both wild flora and fauna which enjoys different protection regulations as well as punishment in terms of convictions for offences thereto. Figure 2.8: Nature of fines for successfully prosecuted cases in 2016 and 2017 The highest fine was KShs. 40,000,000/- for a case of possession of ivory while the highest prison term other than life imprisonment is 20 years custodial sentence in both years (2016 & 2017). The penalty that was most imposed was payment of fines with the least imposed penalty being community service order (CSO) and probations, while the highest penalty were the Life imprisonment where four (4) cases got the sentencing of a life imprisonment in 2016, while only one (1) case got a life sentence in the year 2017. Table 2.15: Status of Duration of sentences 2016 2017 Highest jail sentence 20 Year 20 Years Lowest Jail sentence 5 Months 2 Months Life Imprisonment 4 cases 1 case NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 59 Equally, rhino cases were prosecuted across the various courts numbered 22 rhino cases in 2016 and 16 rhino horn cases in the year 2017. and in total all other cases apart from ivory and rhino horn cases represented 39% and 40% in both the year 2016 and 2017 respectively. The total number of bush meat cases prosecuted over the two (2) years was also high 2.9.6. Status of Recoveries Figure 2.9: Summary of rhino horn recoveries between 2014 and 2017 There was no rhino horn recovered in 2017. This is due to it being portable and easy to conceal. Figure 2.10: Elephant ivory recoveries between 2014 and 2017 PAGE 60 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Figure 2.11: Bush meat recovery trends between 2015 and 2017 Table 2.16: Contact engagement and Firearms and Ammunitions recoveries 2014 to 2017 Year No. of Contacts Firearms Ammunition 2014 24 48 608 2015 16 23 295 2016 12 26 387 2017 12 9 109 2.9.7. Livestock Incursion And Drive Operations Livestock incursion in the protected areas still remained a challenge especially in Tsavos, Meru and Sibiloi. This was amplified by the prolonged dry spells. However, measures were put in place to restore the ecosystem health including driving off the herds of Livestock out of protected areas, arrest of offenders and sensitization meetings. A total of 356,736 Livestock driven out of the protected areas (233,181 heads of cattle, 12,524 goats and 274 camels). NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 61 Figure 2.12: Livestock driven out of protected areas between 2015 and 2017 Plate: 5 Livestock drive operation in southern part of Tsavo West PAGE 62 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 The exercise of preventing Livestock incursion and ensuring integrity of protected areas is very demanding in terms of both human and financial resources. A total of Kshs. 147,021,022 was spent in Livestock drive operations for a period of three years. Table 2.17: Annual Livestock drive operations expenditure estimates 2015 to 2017 Expenditure item Amount Year 2015 2016 2017 Fuel Vehicle maintenance 15,985,683.00 18,269,352.00 19,300,000.00 6,394,273.20 7,214,644.00 12,500,000.00 Aircraft expenses 17,430,000.00 19,920,000.00 22,000,000.00 Personnel allowances 22,121,022.00 27,800,732.00 57,121,022.00 Ration 29,418,480.00 32,328,000.00 36,100,000.00 Total 91,349,458.00 93,532,728.00 147,021,022.00 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 63 2.9.8. Wildlife Protection Ranger Force Deployment The emergence of new threats geared towards wildlife and the existing challenges has made KWS to rethink its deployment and assign personnel to combat the different challenges ranging from rhino monitoring and protection, elephant monitoring, Livestock drives operations which are becoming a routine with the change in weather patterns increasing Livestock influx into protected areas, habitat loss and destructions, logging, bush meat poaching, snaring of wildlife, protection water catchment areas, visitor protection, camp security geared towards preventing terrorism, KWS facilities and assets and key installations. Changing mode of operandi of the poachers, operating both during the day and night has made it a necessity for KWS personnel to operate effectively both during the day and night. Also with the devolve governance wildlife is facing threats due to change in land use diminishing the wildlife range. This calls for enhancement of security operations and coverage requiring more rangers to effectively curb the threats. Wildlife protection and security provision in general is a labor intensive undertaking with rangers having to physically manage wildlife protected areas supported by aerial surveillance. The emergence of new challenges and existing one in wildlife protection has reduced the ranger force effectiveness in terms of numbers deployed to combat security challenges as currently we are operating at 1446 rangers from the optimum of 2,484 rangers which is a deficit of 1038 rangers (41.79%). This has resulted in gaps and not able to effectively respond to security challenges. 2.9.9. Strategies In Combat Wildlife Crimes The WCMA, 2013, in Section 5: 2(a) gives KWS the mandate to put measures in place for the protection of wildlife species and their habitats and ecosystems. KWS has put measures in place to prevent and combat wildlife crimes. They include:i. Monitoring of wildlife movement and migration to inform deployment of personnel. ii. Enhanced anti-poaching operations largely based on intelligence reports. a. Ground, vehicles and aerial patrols were done to secure wildlife. PAGE 64 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 b. Area specific strategies designed to deal with unique security challenges c. Adaptive seasonal strategies d. Adaptive wildlife security strategy to cope up with emerging threats e.g. forward patrol teams which prevents intrusion by poachers e. Owning the night by equipping with resources and training ranger force to enable them operate at night f. Enhanced deployments to poaching hotspots g. Community supported antipoaching operations through Private Sanctuaries h. Identification, surveillance profiling of trophy dealers i. and Arresting and prosecuting offenders iii. Enhanced capacity through training, modern technology and resource acquisition (Force Modernization programme) iv. Implementation of security components in species recovery plans v. Enhanced Community engagement vi. Strengthening of specialized units such as the canine unit vii. Strengthening Wildlife Prosecution a. Sensitization of judicial and law enforcement stakeholders on wildlife crime and how to combat it b. Usage of the Wildlife DNA Forensic Lab for analyzing wildlife products, wildlife identification, monitoring and DNA assisting in combating wildlife crime viii. Inter - Agency Collaboration and Partnerships: KWS law enforcement units work very closely with other law enforcement agencies in all matters of wildlife security at local, regional and international arena. Structured engagement with law enforcement agencies, Government institutions, local communities and other conservation stakeholders have been intensified. Specific engagement with the County Administration, National Police Service, National Intelligence Service, Directorate of Criminal Investigation, Kenya Forest Service, Kenya Revenue Authority, Kenya Ports Authority and Kenya Airports Authority amongst others were enhanced in terms of surveillance on poachers and prosecution of wildlife cases. This has also been extended in profiling of known poachers and dealers in the country. Regionally, cross-border collaborations between Tanzania and Uganda have also been put in place to address crimes of trans-boundary nature and have yielded results in tackling crime along the shared borders. In particular we are collaborating with Tanzania in the cross border wildlife security collaboration in the following key areas:a. Prevention movements border of illegal across the firearms common b. Prevention of illegal dealing in wildlife trophies c. Enforcement of biodiversity and tourism security in protected areas of the environs d. Prevention of Livestock and human encroachment into protected areas e. Management of controlled and uncontrolled wild fires in protected areas f. Facilitate exchange of research findings which are relevant to security and biodiversity The major stakeholder engagement and operations undertaken by KWS include:i. Collaboration with other National and International agencies in joint investigations of ivory seizures, ii. Participation in international wildlife law enforcement operations e.g. participation in Lusaka Agreement task Force (LATF) coordinated operations and activities. INTERPOL and Lusaka Agreement Task Force have been instrumental in facilitating, coordinating and offering support where required, especially in fight against illicit trafficking of wildlife trophies and ensuring that local and international laws on wildlife crimes are enforced. iii. Enhanced intelligence covert and overt operations through sharing of information such as MIKE, Traffic, etc. 2.9.10. Wildlife Protection Challenges Wildlife crime still poses threat to the survival of wildlife species. Although poaching has declined in the recent years, it remains as one of the main challenge to wildlife conservation as it has become more organized, sophisticated and international in nature and is occurring across all ranges including in those areas that were hitherto considered safe havens. Challenges facing the protection of natural resources in the country are becoming more diverse and complex as the demand and use patterns change with time. This is as a result of the following factors: i. Poaching menace due to: high demand and prices of wildlife products especially rhino and elephant and pangolin scales, Increased poaching for bush meat as observed by large numbers of snares and other hunting apparatus confiscated, Continuous change in modus operandi of poachers and dealers, Proliferation of small arms, The motivating factors which are the key drivers in illicit wildlife trade including high profits returns and organized criminal syndicates with strong funding basis, Involvement of local and international well-to-do cartels in illicit wildlife trade ii. Illegal trade in wildlife species and their products iii. Banditry iv. Destruction of water catchment areas v. Bio- piracy which the Act defines as the exploration of biological resources without the knowledge and noncoercive prior consent of the owners of the resources and without fair compensation and benefit sharing vi. Encroachment into Wildlife including Livestock incursion habitats vii. Frequent and prolonged droughts due to changing climate resulting to scarce water and pastures resources in wildlife areas viii. Environmental Pollution ix. Limited livelihood opportunities x. Habitat loss and fragmentation which affects all species xi. Non compatible land use patterns NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 65 xii. Inadequate resources and partial adoption of modern technologies xiii. Inadequate human budgetary allocations resource xiv. Increasing interactions between wildlife/ Livestock humans leading to increasing Human-Wildlife Conflict which affect relationships with communities and 2.10. Government Game Trophies 2.10.1. Introduction The WCMA 2013 section 83 outlines government game trophies as any trophy found without an owner, any animal found dead or killed by accident or mistake, any animal killed in defense of life or in other circumstances authorized by or under WCMA, 2013, any animal or trophy in respect of which a breach of any of the provisions of Act or any animal killed by a member of the Service in the course of duty. Prior to the ban in hunting and dealership in wildlife products in 1977 and 1978, respectively, all government trophies were quantified in monetary terms and were part of Government revenue to the exchequer. However, after the bans, the trophies no longer generate any revenue to the exchequer. At present the focus is on securing government trophies of critical concern, especially, elephant ivory and rhino horns. KWS has put in place an elaborate and prudent management system for the everaccumulating stockpile. Various other game trophies originating from problem animal management and law enforcement are secured in various KWS Stations and Parks. These other game trophies are, from time to time and on need-basis, issued to State formations and registered groups for educational, cultural, religious and heritage uses. 2.10.2. Status of Elephant Ivory and Rhinoceros Horn Stocks Section 83 (3) of WCMA, 2013 mandates KWS to conduct an annual audit of government game trophies in her possession and publish in the government gazette. Table 2.18 presents a summary of quantities of elephant ivory and rhinoceros horns in the custody of KWS between 2015 and 2017. Table 2.18: Elephant Ivory and Rhinoceros Horns In KWS Custody Stock in stores Elephant ivory (Kg) 2015 2016 2017 PAGE 66 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 135,784.00 40,176.15 55,883.3 Rhino horn (kgs) 1,515.90 364.9 419.29 2.10.3. Disposal 2.10.4. Electronic records The WCMA 2013 section 83 (4) provides for the Cabinet Secretary, on recommendation of the Service, to prescribe appropriate measures, rules and regulations and guidelines including those required for the disposal of Government trophies. Pursuant to this provision, there has been two disposals between 2015 and 2017 through burning aimed at sending a strong signal and statement to the world that poaching is a penance and is wiping out Kenya’s heritage. Both occasions were presided over by H.E. President Uhuru Kenyatta. These were: The implementation of an electronic game trophy stockpile management system (ESMS) in 21 key Stations and Parks with the support of Stop Ivory is on course. The ESMS will strengthen the manual management system that has been operational for many years. Sixty-eight (68) staff have been trained on ESMS at Headquarters and 21 Parks and Stations. Suitable hardware for its implementation including tablets, wireless routers, a server and weighing scales as well as a suitable software have been procured and delivered to 21 selected Parks and Stations. The ESMS is presently being tested and piloted for effectiveness before it can be fully implemented. i. 3rd March 2015- 15,000 kgs on the occasion to mark the 3rd World Wildlife Day ii. 30th April 2016- 105,037.13 kgs elephant ivory and 1,350 kg rhino horns.   NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 67 CHAPTER 3: THREATS AND CHALLENGES TO WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 69 3.1 Introduction In Kenya, the human population has been growing at an annual rate of about 2.6% by 2016 and it is estimated that by 2017 the total population stood at 47 million people with about 30% of the population living in urban areas and the rest settled in rural areas. The present population gives a population density of 80.9 persons per square kilometer. The net impact of this increase in population has been decline in land availability especially in high and medium potential areas and settlement in arid and semi-arid areas which in most cases are wildlife inhabited areas. The emergence of irrigation agriculture and opening up of infrastructure in the ASAL areas has acted as a population pull effect. Such areas are now facing land sub division and evidence of man impact on wildlife include: enlargement of agricultural land, invasive species (by 2017 the Mara ecosystem had a record of 212 alien species), human wildlife conflict (crop destruction, livestock loss and injury, human injury and death), and soil loss especially in fragile lands and change in land use. The rapid population increase also comes with other demands on natural resources which have negative impacts on wildlife conservation. These include: more demand on fuel resources (charcoal and firewood) and building materials (poles, posts, timber). This is manifested in areas such as habitat destruction and fragmentation, introduction and spread of alien plant and animal invasive species, Encroachment into wildlife areas, pollution, water abstraction, loss of wildlife corridors and dispersal areas, loss of native vegetation for exotic species, proliferation of illegal harvesting and trade in wildlife products. Table 3.1 and 3.2 below gives the present status of threats in protected areas. 3.2 Definitions of some of the threats used in the text are defined below. 3.2.1 Area of occupancy (AOO) is defined as the area within its extent of occurrence which is occupied by a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. The area of occupancy is the smallest area essential at any stage to the survival of existing population or taxon. 3.2.2 By-Catch is non-target fish and other marine species caught inadvertently by fishing nets for a different species. Unregulated fishing is the main cause of this problem. Trawlers are usually non selective 3.2.3 Extent of occurrence (EOO) is leading to species decline or in severe cases extinction leads to decrease in biodiversity. The loss of migratory corridors, represent the most serious representation of this facet. It can also be defined as a process by which Habitat loss results in the division of large continuous habitats into a greater number of smaller patches of lower total area, isolated from each other by a matrix of dissimilar habitat. 3.2.5 Illegal trade in wildlife products- includes the trade of living or dead individuals, tissues such as bones, skin, teeth, meat or any other genetic material defined as the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary that can be drawn to encompass all the known, inferred or projected sites of the present occurrence of a taxon excluding cases of vagrancy.Is a parameter that measures the spatial spread of the areas currently occupied by the taxon. The intentbehind this parameter is to measure the degree to which risks from threatening factors are spread spatially across the taxon”s geographical distribution 3.2.6 Invasive species- is a non-native 3.2.4 Habitat fragmentation is the wildlife species for food, trophy, recreation, trade, unwarranted control, cultural, religious, medicinal or any other reason. deliberate or otherwise the emergence of significant discontinuities in a species preferred environment resulting to population fragmentation and ecosystem decay. If the environment is altered too fast, the species are unable to adapt PAGE 70 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 or alien plant, fungus, or animal species in the ecosystem which establishes itself at the expense of the native species and that has undesired effects of variable magnitudes to the environment. The introduced species in many instances colonizes the area and the local species are driven out directly or indirectly 3.2.7 Poaching- the illegal offtake of a listed 3.2.8 Pollution- is the introduction of harmful/ poisonous solid, liquid or gaseous materials into the environment (air, land or water). The pollutant can act directly on the affected species or indirectly through other means like the food chain (bio magnification). The impact- depending on the pollutant type and concentration- can impact immediately or over time. Fish and birds are highly susceptible to pollutants. 3.2.9 Water Abstraction- is the removal of water permanently or temporarily from rivers, lakes, water pans, dams or underground in a manner as to drastically alter the natural flow regime. It also involves also control of flow regimes 3.2.10 Wildlife Disease-pathological condition occurring in a susceptible population Plate: 6 Habitat fragmentation Masai Mau complex Plate: 7 Elephant Ivory Carvings for Export Plate: 8 Opuntia Plate: 9 Parthenium Plate: 9 Parthenium Plate: 11 Hydrogen Sulphide Water Pollution NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 71 Table 3.1 Status of threats Threat defined Cause Policy and Legal framework Habitat loss/ Fragmentation Human Encroachment into conservation areas Section 102 WCMA, 2013 breach of Protected Areas regulation Location Malka Mari NP Status • • EMCA, 2015 Provides for Environmental management planning Section 65 (2) of WCMA, 2013 • Over 300 illegal structures near Maungu and stretching 1km in the Park Ngai Ndeithya NR • Entire Reserve (212Km2) fully sub-divided and settlers have allotment letters. Some Wildlife (especially birds) still evident but decreasing. Tsavo Road and Railway NR ExpressMombasaNairobi highway Section 34 of WCMA 2013 Provides for variation of boundaries or revocation of a National but is silent on variation of boundaries of National Reserves). North Kitui NR (Also Known as Mwingi National Reserve) Section 32 (1) (b) WCMA 2013 Provides for declaration of a National Park • • • • • Laikipia National Park • • Community against area being gazetted as Park Community in court against Gazettement of Park section 19 of WCMA 2013 Provides for transitional clauses under park regulations Kora National Park • Entire town of Boka is in the park. Section 119 WCMA 2013 Provides for transitional clauses Ruma National Park The southern part of the park already settled Nyambene NR • • • • • • Section 46(1), (2). (WCMA 2013 Provides for protection of endangered and threatened ecosystems NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 ArabukoSokoke NP • Eviction notice given 212Km2 way leave to the Railway. A further 10Km2 eased to Standard Gauge railway(SGR) Plans are underway to construct a dual carriageway Express highway from Mombasa to Nairobi will lead to further easement A stretch of 2Km along the western Boundary excised resulting into a total 110km2 of land lost to local community. Reserve is yet to be re-gazetted. Area already settled. • • PAGE 72 2 permanent settlements and 5 villages, a primary school and assistant county commissioner’s office comprising about 32Km2 of the park area. Unchecked Grazing of livestock by the local communities. 876 km2 of conservation land likely to be lost Tsavo East NP • Remarks Official Gazettement indicates 640.6 Km2. Meru County proposes a 200Km2 re-Gazettement Isiolo County also claims ownership of the reserve Two ASTU camps at Erati wells Area around Ngare Mara River is fully under irrigation (farms have no titles), part of Isiolo Airport, 78 Tank Artillery are likely to be inside reserve Kula Mawe, Gambela and Ndomoru with all the associated developments are in the Reserve Unregulated Soda ash mining at Magado crater, marram around Gambela and Kula Mawe. Sand is harvested in virtually all the laghas and is a source of cess Entire area of 6Km2 is settled and farmed. Charcoal burning . Section 46(1), (2). (WCMA) Provides for protection of endangered and threatened ecosystems Losai National Reserve • • 13 villages established inside the reserve Unregulated free grazing Malindi • • Billionaire’s club- on a turtle nesting sight. Wall being erected around the club will block turtles from nesting. Section 1 of EMCA 2015 part 5 Provides for Environmental management planning Watamu • Hemingway’s-hotel has built a wall causing erosion on the beach. Section 102 (1) a Chyulu NP • Human settlement in the Park Section 1 of EMCA 2015 part 5Provides for Environmental management planning • • Illegal logging, Charcoal Burning, firewood (as an economic activityMarket in Nairobi, Mombasa and Voi) Section 102 (1) c, h) (WCMA 2013 Provides for managing breach of Protected Area regulations South Kitui, Tsavo, Kakamega forest • South Kitui has highest number of charcoal kilns in any conservation area. Target species for charcoal e.g. acacia trees are on the decline. Section 102 (1) c, h) WCMA 2013 Provides for Masai Mara Environs • Acacia trees in the decline due to charcoal burning, harvesting of fuel wood and building materials A known cause of decline of Taita Apalis and Taita Thrush Loss of forage for other wildlife species e.g. elephants 2016 Main removal of settled persons in the Park undertaken 2017 all the remaining families (50) evicted from the Park . managing breach of Protected Area regulations Plantations of exotic trees, emergence of livestock ranches and sisal plantations. Section 102 (1) c, h) WCMA 2013 Provides for managing breach of Protected Area regulations Tsavo National Park and its environs (Voi, Wundanyi and Mwatate). • Loss of migratory corridors Land policy on migratory corridors Section Athi Kapiti Wildebeest Migratory corridor Land subdivided, fenced and settled Hardly any migration Lots of settlement and farming around Tot, Aror Elephant still able to migrate but route getting settled on. Insecurity still rife Rimoi/Kamnar ok-South Turkana, Nasolot elephant corridor • Decrease in land for wildlife conservation and especially specific habitats for endangered endemic birds Mt. Kenya, Laikipia, Samburu, Marsabit elephant corridor NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 73 Invasive species • • • Pollution • • • • Unregulated movement of goods across international boundaries Intentional introduction of alien species either for commercial or economic purposes Accidental or non-intentional introduction Schedule 7 of WCMA 2013 Provides for identification of invasive species All conservation areas where such species occur Solanum incanum spreading rapidly in Lake Nakuru, Amboseli and Hells Gate National Parks. The species is unpalatable Lantana camara- Spreading rapidly in Meru, Nairobi and Oldonyo Sabuk.Black Rhino has been reported feeding on it Parthenium spp spreading rapidly in Nairobi National Park. It is a colonizer and unpalatable to all species. Opuntia-common in most of the conservancies in Laikipia. It reduces native plant species spread Presently all control measures are manual and seem to be not effective. There is likelihood that some of this species are spread by wildlife. • Indian Crow& Indian Myna Are aggressive towards other birds and a nuisance to tourist Has spread to as far as Nairobi. Control by the avian poison starlicide proved very successful (in Australia) but the chemical is now banned worldwide • Nile Perch introduced in lake Victoria in 1950’s for commercial purposes Is responsible for the loss of over 150 fish species some which were endemic to the lake. Diani Chale,Watam u& Msambweni • Sea Urchin loss and degradation of sea grass beds which is a critical habitat for Dugongs Decline in Dugong population along the Kenyan coast Industrial effluent especially into water bodies & Diani Chale, Watamu & Msambweni • Sedimentation affecting growth of sea grass and thus affecting food and habitat for aquatic herbivores e.g. Dugong emission (harmful gases) Agrochemicals especially that results into bio magnification Commercial & Domestic especially solid wastes e.g. Plastic. Oils spills from oil tankers, boats, trawlers Major towns Lodges in Protected areas Industries & commercial entities adjacent to Conservation areas • • • Dump sites(solid waste) Effluent discharge into wetlands Plastic pollution into marine environment Proliferation of the Indian house crow and Indian Myna Poisoning of aquatic wildlife especially turtles Indian Ocean • 2015 oil spill at Makupa • • • • • Kenya Maritime Act- Oil spill contingency plan • Anti-fouling agents applied to boats & ships Subsistence meat & illegal trade. • Poaching • • Indian Ocean Lakes • Increase in Ocean going ships and boats on lakes • • • • • No of Rhinos killed No of elephants killed Kilos of bush meat harvested Trophies from other species e.g. Pangolins, sharks, leopard skins , lion teeth & claws, Monitor lizard & snake skins etc No of kilos of Sandal-wood recovered Refer to chapter 5 • Rhino- 22 arrests Illegal, unreported and Unregulated fishing in the high seas- overfishing of marine species (fish, sea turtles, dugongs and other marine mammals), By-catch of endangered species in gill nets by trawlers Capacity to monitor and enforce Act is lacking Decline in fish species e.g. Tilapia in lakes Jipe, Challa, Magadi and Victoria Decline in Marine species e.g. turtles, dugongs, sharks, sting rays etc. caught up in gill nets as bycatch Capacity of monitoring and enforcing Act is lacking Section 95 WMCA 2013 Provides for offences related to dealing in trophies. Section 96 (1) WCMA 2013 deals with sport hunting Section 97 WCMA 2013 subsistence hunting Section 98 WMCA 2013 deals with offenses relating to bush meat. All conservation Areas Section 42 (6) Fisheries Management and Development Act 2016 Exclusive Economic Zone (Indian Ocean) • Unregulated/illega Section 42 (2) (3) NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 l fishing equipment of Fisheries and lack of Management and surveillance Development Act 2016 All lakes and Marine Parks • Trawling, dynamite fishing PAGE 74 EMCA pollution guidelines Kills Mangroves(Makup a creek),Corals, Sea grass& marine Organism Bridge being constructed to restore mangrove ecosystem at Makupa • • • Increase in the use of the chemical & its impacts 2013 subsistence hunting Section 98 WMCA 2013 deals with offenses relating to bush meat. Trawling, dynamite fishing Prevalent wildlife diseases Over abstraction of water Infrastructure development Section 42 (6) Fisheries Management and Development Act 2016 Exclusive Economic Zone (Indian Ocean) • Unregulated/illega l fishing equipment and lack of surveillance Section 42 (2) (3) of Fisheries Management and Development Act 2016 All lakes and Marine Parks • Snares Section 102(1)f) WCMA 2013 Provides for management of breach of protected area regulations All PAs and Conservancie s High demand for wildlife products driven by buyers’ culture and section 46:1-2 WCMA 2013 CITES appendix I& II Turtle nesting sites on Kenyan coastline lifestyles. CMS appendix 1& 2 Section 84 & 85 dealing with trophies and permit respectively • • • • • Illegal, unreported and Unregulated fishing in the high seas- overfishing of marine species (fish, sea turtles, dugongs and other marine mammals), By-catch of endangered species in gill nets by trawlers Capacity to monitor and enforce Act is lacking Decline in fish species e.g. Tilapia in lakes Jipe, Challa, Magadi and Victoria Decline in Marine species e.g. turtles, dugongs, sharks, sting rays etc. caught up in gill nets as bycatch Capacity of monitoring and enforcing Act is lacking South Kitui, Meru, Tsavo, Ruma (major cause of decline in Roan antelope population). Small mammals especially dikdiks Kikopey area- target species- zebra, eland, greater kudu, buffalo, and impala. Are non-discriminate and thus maim or kill any species that gets in contact with it • Turtle nests reduced from 150 to 96 due to illegal off take of eggs for commercial purpose • Sharks fins, teeth, skins Pangolin market becoming a great threat to wildlife 500kg seized at JKIA in 2016 CITES appendix 1 Section 84 & 85 WMCA 2013 dealing with trophies and permit respectively South Turkana, Rimoi, Turkana, Tsavo • Ecological factors that enhance contact between livestock, humans and wildlife. Changing weather patterns which affect host-vectorpathogen dynamics. Rapid human and animal movements facilitating rapid disease spread. Irrigation agriculture on the newly settled dry areas section 52 1(c) WCMA 2013 Provides for research on wildlife diseases surveillance and control All wildlife conservation areas. Filarial Anthrax Canine Distemper on CarnivoresTrypanosomiasisRabbis Water Act Meru NP • 2 permanent rivers have dried up Development Section 65 (2) of WCMA 2013 • SGR • Easement of 10km2 • Southern By- Pass • Part of Nairobi National Park annexed • Geotherm al power generatio n at Hells gate NP • More wells drilled in Hells Gate NP Eburu Forest and Menegai • Lamu Port • Construction ongoing, • Lamu Coal power plant • The 22billion 900MW coal plant in Lamu- EIA conducted and license given They are rudimentary Are the most trafficked mammals in the world All the 8 species in the world are experiencing declining population trend Unmistaken belief that its flesh and scales have medicinal values White Rhino-Meru Buffalo and Rhino in Nakuru Masai Mara Black Rhino Meru Widespread Fencing of wildlife movement routes Matter in court 387 (Ha) of land needed for the project NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 75 3.3 Challenges to Wildlife conservation and management in Kenya Challenges are operational matters that can lead directly to threats if not addressed. Wildlife in Kenya faces a myriad of threats caused mostly by human activities either directly or indirectly. Table 3.2 Status of Challenges to Wildlife conservation and Management Challenges Policy and Conservation legal Area framework Fire Section 102 (1) b Tsavo Meru Chyulu Ruma Drought Section 102 (4) Tsavo & Chyulu Meru Conservation Area Mara Conservancies Taita Conservancies Kajiado Conservancies Mt.Kenya Region Boni-Dodori NR and Forest Samburu NR, Buffalo Springs and Shaba Meru Ruma NP Mt. Elgon NP Periodical floods Power generation (Geothermal, Hydro, Wind and diesel) Section 102 (h) Hell’s Gate NP Mwea NR Section 89 2015- Ruma 70% of park burned. 2016- 2 fires. 2017- 2-minor fires • Resource deviation Impact on burrowing, insects, • Drying of water pans, rivers and dams (Aruba Dam) • Movement of wildlife outside park in search of water • Increase in human/resource conflict • Rise in compensation for loss of human, injury and crop destruction • Habitat destruction • Livestock incursion • Poaching for game meat NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Remarks • • • • • • Kipeto (Kajiado wind power project) PAGE 76 Status • Inaccessibility of some areas Destruction of infrastructure like bridges, roads, Hydrology- More wells Impact (death, and entanglement) on birds especially vultures e.g. Rueppel vultures Production of toxic chemicals such as hydrogen sulphide Proposed construction of 60 turbines 100MW wind power farm on 70km2 land • • • Guidelines yet to be gazetted Water and hay provision at a cost Rise in PAC cost- including more personnel/ vehicles deployment Leads to insecurity due to difficulty in patrols Increases cost of maintenance Management of wells and turbines as per the EMP Have negative impacts on vegetation. Hydrogen sulphide produces acidic rain • Proposed Wind farm located 14km from Kwenia cliff a breeding site for Rueppel vultures • Proposed wind farm Human and monetary Capital Section 7 (a), (b) All conservation areas • • • • • • • • Livestock incursion (Cattle, Camel, Donkeys, Sheep and Goats) Section 102 (2) Fenced conservation Areas Unsecured Wildlife corridors All logistics Ecological monitoring Patrols Investigation Intelligence gathering Disease monitoring and control Translocation Capacity building • • Tsavo West • Tsavo East • Meru Conservation Area Sibiloi • Kitani, Murka, Ziwani, Rombo Sanga Kalamu, Sukela la Ben, Huri Dabaduke, Kone, Emusaya Boka, Bisanadi, Rapsu • Kokai Nairobi Malka Mari • • Athi River Entire Park especially along the Daua River Marsabit • Losai Nyambene Rahole L.Nakuru N.P, • • Especially in the Reserve • The entire Reserve Management of lions as a biological control of buffaloes in question Agricultural development and settlements- 16200Ha for Rice production (through Qatar government) and 350Km2 for Biofuel and sugar Development of horticulture, irrigation (6000acres) and Arror power (80MW) through KVDA. Project will involve 20000families Tsavo East-Tana delta (5 routes) Rimoi to South Turkana • • • • • • • located on migratory birds fly way Efficiency and effectiveness of delivery Ranger capacity Research capacity Vet Vehicles Aircrafts Scientific Equipment Uniformed staff field equipment Ksh 20M spent on cattle drive in Tsavo NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 77 In the seventh schedule of the WCMA, 2013 contains a list of invasive species that occur in the country; the list is not exhaustive but provides guidelines to wildlife managers on criteria of management of these species. Table 3.3 Status of listed invasive species in Kenya No 1 Species Common Name Coypu Rat Scientific Name Origin Location Myocastor coypus Argentina Lake Naivasha Status Remarks • • Birds Speckled Mouse bird Colius striatus Southern Africa or Cameroon 3. Ring-necked pheasant Mute swan Phasial us colchicus Cygnus olor 4. Chaffinch 5. House Finch Fringilla coelebs Haemorhous mexicanus China and East Asia Eurasia and Northern Africa 6. Common Indian Myna Rose Ringed (Ring-Necked) Parakeet Common (European) Stirling Acridotheres tristis Psittacula krameri Sturnus vulgaris Temperate Europe Widespread Increasing 9. Rock Dove (Feral pigeon) Columba livia Wide spread Stable 10. Beautiful Fruit Dove (Rose fronted Pigeon or Crimson capped fruit dove) Black-chinned fruit dove(Black throated fruit/Leclalcher ’s dove) Ptilinopus pulchellus Europe, North Africa & South West Asia New Guinea, West Papua &Indonesia 1. 2. 7. 8. 11. PAGE 78 Ptilinopus leclancheri NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Widespread especially in urban areas and in cereal and coffee growing areas Game farms Pest Sold as ornamental birds USA, Canada and Mexico (original home) Taiwan and Philippines No control measures in place Has commercial value Usually replace house sparrow Has 12 sub-species Due to large flocks they are a hazard to air traffic • They outcompete native birds for food and nesting sites • Global population is 310 million with an E00 of 8,870,000km2 World oldest domesticated bird • • Forest dweller 12. 13. Coroneted Fruit Dove(Lilack capped) Mariana Fruit Dove(Rose capped fruit dove) Ptilinopus pulchellus New Guinea IUCN-LC Ptilinopus roseicapilla Endemic Mariana Island • Global Populat ion decrea sing IUCNEN The dove weighs 57g Population is declining Kenyan population is captive none in the wild Introduced in Mombasa in 1940’s and then colonized the coastal strip Has spread as far as Nairobi • Kenya has 2 subpopulations (South & North) Population increasing • • • 14. 15. 16. 17. Pink-spotted fruit Dove Wompoo Fruit Dove Ptilinopus perlatus Ptilinopus magnificus House crow (Indian / greynecked / Ceylon/Colom bo Crow) Corvus splendens Red billed quelea (red billed weaver/dioch Quelea quelea New Guinea New Guinea and North Eastern Australia India, Pakistan and Maldives Sub-Saharan Africa Rain Forest dweller Global population 10,000 Kakamega Forest • • 18. 19. 20. 21. Reptiles and Amphibians Red headed Agama agama Agama lizard Brother’s Island Sphenodon tuatara guntheri Orange Aspidoscelis throated hyperythra Whiptail Lizard beldingi Rainbow Kopje Lampropholis Skink (Garden delicata skink) 22. Brown Tree Snake Boiga irregularis 23. Red Diamond Rattle Snake Crotalus exsul 24. Burmese Star Tortoise Plants Mathenge Geochelone platynota 25. Prosopis Sub-Saharan Africa New Zealand Wide spread IUCN - VU Mexico & USA(California ) Australia Out Compete other invertebrates for food & feed on other invertebrates Aggressively Decimates population of small vertebrates New Guinea & Northern and Eastern coast of Australia USA(south Western Calofornia), Mexico Mexico, It’s an omnivorous scavenger Several unsuccessful control campaigns have been carried out at the coast cereal pest Drinks on daily basis thus found within 30km of water bodies Global population estimated at 1.5 billion IUCN_LC Baringo, Garissa, Rapidly Used to control soil NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 79 juliflora Central & Northern South America Mexico , central America, the Caribbean& tropical South America Unknown Mwingi spreading erosion Wide spread across the country Grown for hedge and stems used for handicrafts Fallen leaves produce allelopathic substances that prevent other plants from germinating 26. Tickberry Lantana camara 27. Nile Cabbage (water lettuce, water cabbage or shell flower) Pistia stratiotes 28. Yellow Oleander Thevetia peruviana Mexico and central America Wide spread across the country 29. Mauritius Thorn Caesalpinia decapelata India Wide spread across the country 30. Jimsons weed Datura stramoniun Mexico Along roads sides and highways (Devils snare) Lake Naivasha 31. Yellow Bells Tecoma stans Tropical America(Me xico) Naturalized as a garden ornamental 32. Mexican Poppy Argemone mexicana Texas, Mexico and Central America Wide spread across the country PAGE 80 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Introduced in lake Naivasha in the early 60’s • Indicator of high nutrients • 2 known specific eaters(biological control) south American weevil &larvae of the moth spodoptera practinicornis from Thailand Listed in the Global Invasive Species Database (GISD 2010) • Grown as a garden ornamental plant Injurious to animals Causes trees to collapse • Uses excessive amounts of water • Increases fire risk Seeds are spread by birds • • Seeds can remain dormant even for years until soil is disturbed Common along river banks & savannah areas especially where there are pastures Entire plant is poisonous to people animals & environment Since it is extremely drought resistant it is an easily established weed It is poisonous especially to livestock and poultry 33. Long spine cactus Opuntia exaltata Peru (South America) Naivasha Spreading 34. Sweet prickly pear Opuntia ficusindica Mexico Nairobi national Park. Naivasha Spreading 35. Drooping prickly pear Opuntia vulgaris Mexico 36. Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes Lake Victoria Lake Naivasha (limited) 37. Invertebrates Crown of thorn star fish South America but entered lake from Rwanda through the Kagera River Acanthaster planci Australia& indo-pacific regions Kenya coast Spreading Spreading Used as a hedge since it outcompetes local species • Used as a hedge • Out do local species • Fruits are edible • Used as a hedge • Out do local species • Fruits are edible 1st recorded in the 80s Biological Control via the weevil neochetina (introduced in1997) has not had much success Feed on coral polyps (coralivores) and thus destroy the coral ecosystem NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 81 3.4 Analysis of threats to protected areas Threats to wildlife conservation and management are human activities and natural processes that affect wildlife species and habitats in negative and detrimental ways. Threats may be direct, affecting a species or habitat through intermediary actors or process. It is important that once the threats have been properly identified and defined all Protected Areas Susceptibility Index (PASI) needs to be calculated to give a proper status of the areas. In 2007, Kiringe and OkelloAnalyzed, based on ten identified threats factors, protected areas susceptibility to threats. They found out that thirty two (64% of protected areas in Kenya) protected areas were susceptible to over half of the identified threat factors. Twenty seven (54% of the protected areas) were susceptible to over 60% of the threat factors types. Sixteen (32% of the protected areas) were susceptible to over 70% of the threat factor types and three (6% of the protected areas) were susceptible to over 80% of the threat factor types. The protected areas most susceptible to the majority of the threat factors were- Masai Mara NR, Ndere Island NP, Lake Nakuru NP, Aberdares NP, Mt. Elgon NP, Kiunga Marine NR, Mt. Kenya NP, Mombasa Marine NP, Watamu Marine NP, Ruma NP, Kisite NP, Malindi Marine NP, Mwea NR, Kamnarok NR, Rimoi NR and Nairobi NP. All marine protected areas were very susceptible and threatened by the identified threat factors. This was followed by the montane protected areas. An analysis carried out today would reveal perhaps a similar trend but with newer protected areas taking a lead because of new challenges. Table 3.4 Analysis of Impacts of Threats on Protected Areas No A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Protected Area Encroachment Aberdares Amboseli Chyulu Hells Gate Kora Laikipia Lake Nakuru Malindi Marine Malka Mari Marsabit Meru Mombasa Marine Mt. Elgon Mt. Kenya Nairobi Ndere Ol Donyo Sabuk Ruma Sibiloi Longonot Saiwa Arabuko Sokoke Kisite South Island Tsavo East Tsavo West Central Island Watamu Poaching Livestock Incursion National Parks 4 5 3 2 4 4 4 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 3 2 1 3 2 3 2 3 3 4 5 4 4 3 2 2 5 4 3 2 4 3 2 2 2 4 5 1 1 4 N/A 5 5 3 2 3 1 5 5 4 N/A 5 3 2 3 2 3 5 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 3 5 2 2 2 2 5 1 5 5 3 3 5 5 Fires Pollution Invasive species Habitat degradati on 3 5 2 4 4 4 3 N/A 3 4 3 N/A 5 3 3 2 3 2 5 2 5 5 N\A 5 3 3 5 N/A 5 4 4 1 5 5 2 3 5 4 3 2 4 3 3 5 5 4 5 4 3 1 4 5 3 3 5 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 5 2 2 4 2 4 3 3 1 4 4 3 3 5 4 4 4 3 1 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 1 4 5 3 3 5 4 Habitat degradati on 1 3 4 4 1: Acute (very serious) 2. Serious 3; Moderate (Bad) 4; onset (Traces) 5. Insignificant NATIONAL RESERVES B No 1. 2. 3. 4. Protected Area PAGE 82 Encroachment NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Arawale Bisanadi Bogoria Boni Dodori 1 2 5 4 Poaching Livestock Incursion Fires Pollution Invasive species 1 3 4 4 1 2 4 4 1 3 4 4 1 4 4 5 1 3 3 4 25. 26. 27. 28. Tsavo East Tsavo West Central Island Watamu 3 3 5 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Protected Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 3 5 N/A 3 3 5 4 3 3 5 4 3 3 5 4 Habitat degradati on 1 3 4 4 4 5 4 1 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 1 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 Arawale Bisanadi Bogoria Boni Dodori Buffalo Springs Chepkitale Diani Chale Ngai Ndethia Kakamega Kamnarok Losai Malindi Marsabit Masai Mara Mwea Mombasa Mpunguti Mwingi Nasolot Nyambene Samburu Shaba Shimba Hills South Kitui South Turkana Rahole Rimoi Tana river primate Watamu Tsavo east Railway Yala swamp Encroachment Poaching Livestock Incursion Fires Pollution Invasive species 1 2 5 4 5 3 5 1 4 4 1 5 3 2 5 5 5 2 5 2 4 4 4 2 5 2 4 2 5 2 3 1 3 4 4 3 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 1 4 4 3 2 2 1 3 3 4 2 3 1 2 4 4 3 3 N/A 1 4 1 1 N/A 2 1 3 N/A N/A 2 1 1 3 3 4 1 3 1 3 2 N/A 1 3 1 3 4 4 4 5 N/A 1 4 3 3 N/A 2 3 3 N/A N/A 3 3 1 4 4 4 1 3 2 3 4 N/A 4 5 1 4 4 5 4 5 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 3 3 4 2 4 4 1 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 2 3 4 2 3 3 4 3 3 NATIONAL SANCTUARIES C No 2 1 5 N/A NATIONAL RESERVES B No 3 3 5 4 Protected Area Encroachment Poaching Livestock Incursion Fires Pollution Invasive species Kisumu Impala Naivasha Wildlife sanctuary Ondago Maralal L.Simbi L.Elementaita 4 5 5 3 5 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 Habitat degradati on 4 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 4 1 2 4 1 5 4 1 5 4 1: Acute (very serious) 2. Serious 3; Moderate (Bad) 4; onset (Traces) 5. Insignificant NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 83 PAGE 84 I (KE A?s WILADLIFE CONSERVATION AREAS PAGE 85 The WCMA, 2013 defines a wildlife conservation area as a “tract of land, lake or sea that is protected by law for purposes of wildlife and biological diversity conservation and may include a national park, national reserve, game reserve or sanctuary”. The WCMA, 2013 also defines a Wildlife Conservancy as “land set aside by an individual landowner, body corporate, group of owners or a community for purposes of wildlife conservation in accordance with the provisions of this Act”. Kenya offers a variety of habitat types that include coral reefs,mangroves, savannah grasslands and woodlands, tropical rainforests, fresh and saltwater lakes, deserts and semi-deserts, and montane habitats.Kenya is a country that is highly dependent on its biological resources that are essential in provision of ecosystem goods and services for its social, cultural and economic development. In this regard, the government through the Constitution and Vision 2030 recognizes the importance of sustainable use of natural resources, reducing loss of biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem processes for economic growth. Wildlife conservation and sustainable tourism is therefore identified as one of itssocialeconomic pillars in the Vision 2030. The valuation of the ecosystem goods and services is yet to be done and neither are the returns directly accruing from the goods and services commensurate with the value. To safeguard its rich biodiversity resources, Kenya has designated a significant proportion of its total land area as wildlife conservation. By 2015 forests, woodlands, National Parks, National Reserves and Conservancies covered slightly over 20% of the total land area. Over the years, some of the protected sites have experienced habitat changes, through human settlements, livestock incursion, pollution, infrastructure development and other anthropogenic induced changes leading to some protected areas becoming ‘Paper Parks’. The main management focus by KWS is enshrined in the WCMA, 2013 which empowers it to manage all issues related to wildlife conservation. Identification mapping and gazetement of wildlife corridors and dispersal areas connecting conservation areas is one of the requirements of the land policy to win more space for wildlife. Several infrastructure projects that affected the protected areas were initiated during this reporting period notably the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) that traversed the Tsavo’s; the Nairobi southern bypass (Nairobi National Park), the KETRACO 400KV transmission line (Tsavo National Park, Taita ranches, Machakos, Kajiado Conservancies, Athi Kapiti) and the new Kenya Pipeline through Tsavo West and Nairobi National Park was completed. The construction of the Lamu port was initiatedthe impact of this mega infrastructure both on land and the coastline is yet to be manifested. An EIA license was also awarded to put up the first coal powered electricity (with a capacity to generate 900MW) plant in Lamu. Several wind powered electricity plants were also given licenses to commence construction. The 310MW Turkana Wind power Project at Loyangalani in Marsabit county covers 400Km2the 428Km long 400KV transmission line to Suswa passes through wildlife conservation areas (Conservancies in Marsabit, Samburu, Laikipia and Narok). EIA License to construct a 400MW Meru Wind power station was also granted and it apparently lies partly in the Nyambene National Reserve. In Hells Gate National Park and its environs more geothermal wells were sunk. The 60MW power plant on the Arror dam on the Kerio River lies on the elephant migratory corridor between Rimoi, South Turkana and NasolotKipeto 100MW wind power project in Kajiado. The Mombasa - Nairobi express highway was also licensed and runs through the Tsavo’s. These constructions came with a cost as wildlife lost critical habitats and space. Wildlife Conservation Areas in Kenya include a) National Parks, b) National Reserves,c) NationalSanctuaries and d) Wildlife Conservancies, Forest Reserves which are under the Forest Act also have a variety of wildlife species.Kenya is a signatory to several International Multi-lateral agreements on conservation,some of which have been domesticated and implemented,notable among them being Ramsar and World Heritage Sites. 4.1. Terrestrial Parks and Reserves 4.1.1. Status of National Parks In an effort to achieve ‘in-situ’ conservation of biodiversity, Kenya has a well-established PAGE 86 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 National Park system where the diverse ecosystems, habitats and wildlife are represented and managed directly by Kenya Wildlife Service. Presently, Kenya has 24 terrestrial National Parks which are distributed in 17 Counties. These parks occupy an area of 29,504Km2 that is approximately 5.08% of the total area of Kenya. Tsavo East and Tsavo West National Parks -including the Tsavo National Road and Railway Reserve- cover 71.2% of the area occupied by all National Parks. This is followed by Kora (6%), Sibiloi (5.3%) and Malkamari (3%). only Amboseli, Mpunguti (Kisite-Mpunguti) and Marsabit have gazettedmanagement plans. The rest are at various stages of development. In addition, all of them have legal notices of their gazettement while a number of them have title deeds. The management plans will form the basis of evaluating the state of conservation areas. The WCMA, 2013 requires that the managers will every year give a compliance report of the management plans. During this reporting period, the parks received 2,055,667 visitors. Lake Nakuru National Park recorded 422,883 visitors (20.57%) followed by Nairobi National Park 306,615 visitors (14.92%), Hells Gate National Park with 304,212 visitors (14.80 %) and Amboseli National Park with 218,987 visitors (10.65 %). Tsavo East and Tsavo West combined had 273,592 visitors (13.31 %). The economic benefits of wildlife conservation were mainly channeled to neighboring communities through CSR projects. Direct benefits accruing from wildlife conservation will be dependent on the formulation of regulations on access and benefit sharing. During this period the said regulations were formulated and are awaiting gazettment. Amboseli and Mt. Kenya are designated by UNESCO as Man and Biosphere Reserves (MAB); Tsavo East and West and Central Island are equally designated by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites; While Aberdares, Mt. Kenya, Chyulu and Mt. Elgon are National Water towers. Sibiloi hosts Koobi Fora which is regarded as the cradle of Mankind. Kenya has Ramsar Sites of which LakeNakuru is a Park, Lake Bogoria is a Reserve while the other 4 (Tana River Delta, Lake Elementaita, Lake Baringo and Lake Naivasha) do not enjoy other protection status. The strategy to use fences as a measure to reduce human wildlife conflict during this period was undertaken in several parks. However in certain areas, notably Tsavo East and Meru; Electric fences were constructed inside the Park to create Rhino sanctuaries. The Meru one was an extension of the existing sanctuary.Other similar projects were initiated but not completed due to the requirement of environmental impact assessment. The cost of construction and maintenance of these fences continues to be astronomical. All the parks are required by law to have management plan that are gazetted. Presently NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 87 Figure 4.1 National Parks, National Reserves & National Sanctuaries Source KWS2017 PAGE 88 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Table4.1: Status of National Parks in 2015/2017 No Protected Area Area (Km2) Legal notice/ Gazettement Remarks (Values,& Threats) Other Protection Status Visitor statistics (20152016) Visitor statistics (20162017) Accommo dation Electric Fences (Km) 1. Aberdares 765.7 Legal notice no… 1950 and legal notice No. 172 of 1968 • Among the listed species include the Eastern Mountain Bongo, Black Rhino, white and black colobus monkey, leopard, lion, African Golden Cat • The park is a black Rhino sanctuary • Has over 250 bird species • Water tower • Rare & Endemic bird species • Increasing invasive species • Annual forest fires IBA 35,063 42,312 2lodges & 2 guest house 400 (Phase 2 Under rehabilitation ) 2. Amboseli 392 1974 UNESCO Man and biosphere reserve, IBA 91,485 127,502 2 Lodges,5 bandas, 31 ( constructed since 1996) 1. 150km unclassifi ed .144km classified 2 3. Arabuko Sokoke 15 Legal notice no. 426 of 1990 • Loitoktok- Emali road tarmacked • Electricity from Kimana town to park HQ • Community have concession for livestock watering • Kimana- Namanga Road goes through park • The Kuku Elephant corridor facing subdivision • Fully Encroached • Ader”s duiker and the golden-rumped elephant shrew found in the forest • Fischer”s turaco, sokoke pipit and amani sunbird still present but AOO is leading to Critically endangered IBA 113 - 114( Constructed 2002-2012) Fence requires rehabilitation 0 0 4. Central Island 5 Legal notice no. 18 of 1983 IBA 43 157 0 0 0 5. Chyulu hills 734 1983, • More than 350 bird species • Crocodile breeding site (April-M34 species of European migrant birds • 23 species of birds breed here • Large concentration of crocodiles ay) • Declared as a National Water tower • Listed species include Rhinos, elephants, leopards • Fire is a major threat • Charcoal burning is a major threat to habitat Water tower 380 378 160 1 1 camp site NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Roads (Km) Air strips (No) 1 PAGE 89 6. Hells gate 68.25 Legal notice No. 13 of 1984 7. Kora 1,788 Legal notice No. 339 of 1989 8. Laikipia 69 Not gazetted 9. Lake Nakuru 188 Legal notice no. 137 of 1968 PAGE 90 • More geothermal wells sunk- present capacity is 155MW and target from Olkaria is 1200MW by 2025- meaning more wells • Only breeding ground for the globally endangered Ruppells Vulture in Kenya now destroyed • Prospects for five industrial parks inside the park are at an advanced stage • Part of the South Lake road runs through the Park and remains a threat to wildlife-many kills have been reported • Has over 103 species of birdslammergeyer not spotted any more • EIA for fencing of park rejected by Boka community but accepted by Asako community • Livestock incursion is a serious threat to habitat • No revenue Gates • Proposed National Park • Donated to KWS by AWF in 2011 • Ownership contested in court by community • Lake levels rising and water quality changing, • declining Lesser Flamingo population (park is Ramsar site due to Lesser Flamingo) • Park has more than 450 bird species • Black and White Rhino sanctuary • Invasive species increasing (colonizing)especially the toxic non palatable solanum incanum • Population of Buffalos well above maximum carrying capacity NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 IBA 133,463 170,749 2 campsites N/A 58 0 None None None 2 Campsites 0 221 3 None No Gates IBA 190,529 78 (10Km rehabilitated during reporting period) 262 1 Ramsar UNESCO MAB 0 232,354 5 lodges 10. Malka Mari 876 Legal notice no. 338 of 1989 11. Marsabit 68 Legal notice no. 366 of 1967 12. Meru 870 Legal notice no. 4756 of 1966 • Encroachment & settlements by the nomadic Gurreh herders • Listed species include the Somali Giraffe, Spotted hyaena, Crocodiles on the Daua River • Livestock incursion here is totally unregulated • The juba Weaver and the white winged Dove have been recorded here • Encroached by 1 village inside park • Management plan gazette • Rhino sanctuary extended by 25km2 • Serious livestock incursion • Water diversion and abstraction outside the park is a serious threat to the wetlands inside park that provide dry season forage • Tsetse menace a major hindrance to rhino conservation • Has over 350 bird species • Water tower • Eastern Mountain Bongo sanctuary • Increasing invasive species • Annual fires 13. Mt .Kenya 715 Legal notice No. 69 of 6th June 1949 and extension of 1968 14. Mt. Elgon 169 Legal notice no. 112 of 1968 • 0ver 300 birds’ species including 40 restricted range. 56 of the 87 afro tropical highland biome species live here • IUCN has listed 37 faunal species as globally threatened (22 mammals, 2 insects and 13 bird species of which 9 are endemic) 15. Mt. Longonot 52 Legal notice no. 13 of 1983 16. Nairobi 117 Legal notice No. 48 of 1946 • Besides Mount climbing/hiking the park is rich in Giraffes, Zebras and Grant gazelles • Drilling for geothermal power increasing • Park lost 178.2 h of land to infrastructure development(southe rn bypass, pipeline, Ketraco) • Sporadic livestock incursion is still experienced • Rhino sanctuary None No Gates 0 0 Water tower 2,120 4,092 1 lodge IBA 18,629 18,336 2 lodges, 2 guest houses, 1hostel, 4 bandas, 1 tented campsite 21 (6.7Km rehabilitated during reporting period) 116 KMs (inclusive of 30 KMs of community fence around Rapsu and Kinna towns) 1 Classified 50 Kms (MureraUra road) 16 Unclassifi ed 700 KMs IBA WHS 17,465 19,404 3 guest houses 3 lodges and several cottages 180 (construction in progress with a target of 400Km) IBA 7,131 9,925 1 banda 18 (fence require rehabilitation ) 55,556 66,349 2 Campsites N/A 9 N/A 139,933 166,682 1 tented camp 73 (constructed between 1984-1997. Requires rehabilitation ) 254km none IBA NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 0 PAGE 91 • tsetse infestation still a great hindrance to any investment • Over 100 bird species • Illegal fishing by local communities remains a major problem None 1,580 1,035 none None 11,345 16,007 • Is a black Rhino sanctuary • Roan population has gone down to 17 which is not viable • Subsistence poaching remains a problem • Fires caused by communities remain a major problem • Rothschild giraffe have done considerably well here (a success story of translocation) • Is a sitatunga sanctuary • De Brazza monkey • Over 370 bird species recorded here including the Ross’s turaco and the blue-headed coucal • Upstream agriculture is a threat to the swamp in terms of water abstraction and agrochemicals IBA 4,428 9,769 Oldonyo Sabuk Guest House 1 guest house 1 campsite None 2,891 2,383 17. Ndere Island 4.2 Legal notice no. 368 of 1986 18. Ol Donyo Sabuk 18 Legal notice no. 274 of 1967 19. Ruma 120 Legal notice 100 of 1983 20. Saiwa Swamp 3 Legal notice no. 11 of 1974 21. Sibiloi 1570 Legal notice no. 160 of 1973 • Legal notice no. 13 of 1983 • • • 22. Southern Island 39 • • • 23. Tsavo East 13,747 Number 17 of 6/4/48 and 23 of 29/9/53) • • • • • 24. Tsavo West 7,000 Number 17 of 6/4/48 and 23 of 29/9/53 • • • • • PAGE 92 Archaeological sites-Koobi for a Volcanic formations, petrified forests, migrant waterfowls Lesser flamingoes Abundant wildlife feeding ground traditional 34Rich species of cultures migrant European birds 23 species of birds breed here Large concentration of crocodiles Sobo rhino sanctuary 99.5 km2 established SGR- Easement for the new railway line Ketraco has easement for the 440KV lines Settlement in the park Livestock incursion remains a threat SGR-Easement for the new railway line Ketraco-Easement for the 440KV national grid line Livestock incursion remains a major threat to wildlife and habitat Charcoal burning remains a major problem to habitat health Unregulated Mining of rubies NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 WHS 1 Tree house 0 0 9.6 km 74km (Constructed between 1993-2011) 0 1 0 2 guest houses IBA IBA 80,618 101,538 IBA 35,928 55,508 14 (Lodges and permanent tented camp) 3 lodges, 2 Tented camps, 2 bandas, 1 guest house 0 0 2 0 0 0 Ithumba 60Km Total 96Km(constr ucted between 1996-2002) 2389KM 17 1,640 11 67Km (constructed between 1990 to date) Taveta station 127KM Total 204Km 4.1.2. Status of National Reserves There are 31 terrestrial National Reserves in Kenya occupying 17,358.8km2 which is 3% of the country’s total area. These Reserves are distributed in 21 out of the 47Counties. Most of the National reserves are managed by county governments with technical advice from KWS. However Marsabit, Mt.Kenya, Mwea, Kakamega and Shimba Hills are managed by KWS. There are seven Reserves each covering an area larger than 1000km2. UNESCO has designated Mt.KenyaNational Reserve as a MAB under World Heritage Sites while Lakes Bogoria and Baringo National Reserve are designated as Ramsar sites. Apart from Marsabit National Reserve none of the other Reserves presently has a gazetted Management Plan. The lack of gazetted management plans, which is a prerequisite to any development in a wildlife conservation area, is a major impediment to development of infrastructure in these reserves. This includes zonation of use and no use areas resulting to human encroachment and thus posing serious threats to wildlife health and survival. The various County governments have invested little in terms of human capital and currency in most of these Reserves. Table 4.2 summarizes the status of National Reserves in Kenya Table 4.2: Status of National Reserves in 2015/2017 No Protected Area Area (Km2) Legal notice/ Gazettement Remarks (Values& threats) 1. Arawale 533 Legal notice no. 272 of 1966 2. Bisanadi 606 Legal notice 261 of 1979 3. Boni 1339 Legal notice no. 7 of 1976 • Hirola & grevys Zebra presently the only area with hunters heartbeest. • Poaching of small game is rampant • No lodges or tented camps • Roads are virtually non existent • Has elephant, lion, cheetah • Has 400 species of birds including the Hindes babbler • Included in the Meru Conservation Area management plan • Livestock incursion is a major threat • Critically endangered Aders duiker, elephants • Sokoke pipit sighted 4. Buffalo springs 131 Legal notice no. 189 of 1985 • Samburu-Isiolo conservation area management plan(2009-2019) approved 5. Chepkitale 172 Legal notice no. 88 of 2000 6. Dodori 877 Legal notice no.75 of 1976 • Settlements inside Reserve by Ndorobo • .Resident elephant population above bamboo line • Population (elephant) estimated to be above 100 • Critically endangered Aders duiker 7. Kakamega 44.7 Legal notice no. 95 of 1985 • Electricity supply • Endemic birds species, Snakes, butterflies • Other Protection Status Management authority Garissa county Annual Visitor statistics (2015-2017 average) No Revenue gates Accommod ation facilities Km of electric Fences No of airstrips None None Isiolo county No Revenue gates 1 lodge 0 UNESCO man & biosphere reserve, globally, prized conservation site IBA Garissa county No Revenue gates None 0 None KWS &, Bugoma county No revenue gate UNESCO man & biosphere reserve, globally, prized conservation site IBA Lamu No Revenue gates KWS 3,894 2 Bandas 0 (2015/2016 ) NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Isiolo county Km of Roads 0 0 0 2 lodges 5,020 (2016/2017 ) 0 0 0 PAGE 93 no.75 of 1976 7. Kakamega 44.7 8. Kamnarok 87.7 9. Lake Bogoria 107 Legal notice no. 95 of 1985 • Electricity supply • Endemic birds species, Snakes, butterflies • man & biosphere reserve, globally, prized conservation site IBA Revenue gates KWS 3,894 (2015/2016 ) 2 Bandas 0 0 No Revenue gates 71,000(201 5) 0 0 0 0 5,020 (2016/2017 ) Legal notice no. 101 of 1983 Legal notice no. 270 of 1970 • Elephant corridor between Rimoi and Nasolot • Population of greater Kudu estimated at 35 • Flamingos • Over 370 birds species • Community in court contesting gazetment • Sitatunga is present but population status as yet to be established • Land Use plan (Yala Swamp SEA Land Use Plan) gazetted by National Environment Management Authority(NEMA) on 25.01.2017 • • No management presence • Encroached 13 villages • Encroached 1 village inside park • Management Plan gazetted • Free ranging black Rhino sanctuary None Siaya county No Revenue gates None Marsabit county No Revenue gates 2 None KWS & Marsabit county No Revenue gates 1 IBA Narok county 146,900 2 lodges and 50 camps 101 camps and lodges in the surrounding conservanc ies • Elephant census conducted in 2017 IBA KWS & Embu county 0 None Kitui county 826 (2015/2016 ) No Revenue gates None KWS No Revenue gates None Makueni county No Revenue gates None None 0 0 0 Meru/Isiolo counties No Revenue gates None 0 0 0 10. Lake Kanyaboli 41.4 Legal notice no. 158 of 2010 11. Losai 1,806 Legal notice no. 8 of 1976 12. Marsabit 1,552 Legal notice no. 936 of 1948 13. Masai Mara 1510 Legal notice no. 271 of 1974 14. Mwea 48 Legal notice no. 6 of 1976 15. Mwingi (North Kitui) 745 Legal notice No. 187 of 1979 16. Nasolot 17. Ngai Ndeithya 18. Nyambene PAGE 94 endangered Aders duiker • MOU between County Government and KWS on management prepared but yet to be signed 194 Legal notice • Kengen guest no. 85 of house available 2000 • KWS admin offices outside reserve 212 Legal notice • Entire reserve Fully no. 9 of 1976 encroached, settled and farmed • Settlers have allotment letters • Paper Park 640.6 Legal notice • 1 ASTU camp in the no. 86 of Reserve 2000 • Part of Isiolo Airport in the Reserve • Part of Military Barracks in the park • Two primary schools and a village in the reserve • Management of Reserve controversially between Isiolo and Meru Counties NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 • Part of the Reserve settled and farmed • Livestock incursion by Somali, Turkana, Borana & Meru Baringo county • • • Ramsar site IBA World heritage site None Baringo county none 0 0 26 1 0 0 170 0 5 0 1 17. Ngai Ndeithya 212 Legal notice no. 9 of 1976 18. Nyambene 640.6 Legal notice no. 86 of 2000 19. Rahole 1,270 20. Rimoi/ Kerio valley 66 Legal notice no. 54 of 1976 Legal notice no. 13 of 1983 21. Samburu, 165 Legal notice no. 188 of 1985 23. Shimba hills 192 22. Shaba 239 Legal notice no. 298 of 1968 Legal notice no. 268 of 1974 23. Shimba hills 192 Legal notice no. 298 of 1968 24. South Kitui 1,833 Legal notice 186 of 1979 24. South Kitui 1,833 Legal notice 186 of 1979 25. South Turkana 1,091 Legal notice no. 29 of 1979 25. South Turkana 1,091 Legal notice no. 29 of 1979 outside reserve • Entire reserve Fully encroached, settled and farmed • Settlers have allotment letters • Paper Park • 1 ASTU camp in the Reserve • Part of Isiolo Airport in the Reserve • Part of Military Barracks in the park • Two primary schools and a village in the reserve • Management of Reserve controversially between Isiolo and Meru Counties • Part of the Reserve settled and farmed • Livestock incursion by Somali, Turkana, Borana & Meru • Beisa oryx & grevys zebra • KWS has a PAC Outpost • 10 Km fence line rehabilitated during this reporting period • 10 scouts and one county chief warden accommodated inside the Reserve. • Samburu-Isiolo conservation area management plan (2009-2019) approved. • Listed species include the reticulated giraffe, lion, leopard, cheetah, elephant • Simba hills350 Has over ecosystem species of birds • management Samburu-Isiolo plan (2010-2020) needs conservation area review and management plan approval. Area (2009-2019) surveyed and approved. following up on • deed Simbaplan hills • Sable antelope ecosystem • 6.7 Km of fence management plan rehabilitated during (2010-2020) needs this reporting review and period • Charcoal approval. burning Area rampant surveyed using and the wasteful followingtraditional up on kilns. deed plan • Indiscriminate and Sable antelope felling of • unplanned 6.7 Km of fence trees especially rehabilitated during acacia (tortillas and this reporting period being the Charcoal burning • tamarind most preferred) rampant using the • Listed species wasteful traditional include Lions, kilns. and aand • leopard Indiscriminate variety of birds unplanned felling of • trees KWS has a Security especially camp at(tortillas Lobokat acacia and tamarind being the most preferred) • Listed species include Lions, leopard and a variety of birds • KWS has a Security camp at Lobokat Makueni county No Revenue gates None None 0 0 0 Meru/Isiolo counties No Revenue gates None 0 0 0 Garissa county None KWS &Elgeyo Marakwet County No Revenue gates One revenue gate 30km perimet er electric fence done. 2km remaini ng 70Km( constr ucted betwe en 20152017)) IBA Isiolo county 8,500(2015) Has 4 tented camp sites IBA KWS 17,465 4 bandas IBA Isiolo county (2015/2016 ) 136Km (constr ucted betwe en 19902012) 4 bandas 136Km (constr ucted betwe en 19902012) None IBA KWS 20,479 (2016/2017 ) 17,465 1 Campsite (2015/2016 ) None Kitui county government None Kitui county government 20,479 (2016/2017 ) 0 0 KWS &Turkana county No Revenue gates None 0 0 KWS &Turkana county No Revenue gates None 0 0 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 95 26. Tana River Primate 169 Legal notice no. 4 of 1976 • Tana river mangabay & Red Colobus • Community (250 were to be resettled) settlements still inside reserve • The 13Km2 riverine forest is rapidly being depleted • Primates inhabit the 16 patches of forests along the river • 2007 high court ruling against the reserve establishment still stands • The very rare white winged apalis is still seen IBA 4.1.3. Status of Natural Forest Reserves Kenya are presently has 257 sites categorized as natural forests.They harbor a variety of wildlife species and are also water towers or water catchment areas. Some wildlife species are endemic to these forests. These natural forests fall under 4 key management regimes namely; community forests (52 sites covering 180, 245 ha), forest reserves (201 sites covering 2,045, 406 ha), PAGE 96 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 KWS No Revenue gates 0 national monuments (3 sites covering 401 ha) and trust land (1 site covering 188,2017ha) with a total area of 24,142.59km2 which is 4.2% of Kenya’s total area . These forests are important wildlife habitats. However, it’s only in Mau, Aberdares, Mt. Kenya, and Shimba hills where comprehensive biological resource inventories have been initiated. Marsabit forest ecosystem management plan 2015-2025 is underlegal noticeNo. 1894 of March 2016. Table 4.3 gives the status of some of the major forest reserves in Kenya. Table 4.3: Status of Forest Reserves in 2015/2017 No Protected Area Area Legal Remarks (Values, & Threats) notice/ (Km2) Gazettement 1 Mt. Elgon 737.05 Legal notice no. 44 of 1932 2 Kakamega 197.92 Legal notice no. 14 of 1933 3 Malava 7.19 Legal notice no. 14 of 1933 4 Bunyala 8.27 Legal notice no. 421 of 1956 5 Marsabit 157 Legal Notice no. 44 of 1932 6 Arabuko Sokoke 416 7 Cherangani 956 Legal notice no. 44 of 1932 and legal notice no. 180 of 1979 8 Mau 2,733 9 Eburu • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Prunnus Africana Elephant Presence of KWS & Kenya Water Towers, KFS Prunnus Africana IBA Variety of listed snakes Presence of KWS & KFS Prunnus africana IBA Variety of listed snakes Presence of KWS & KFS African grey Parrot IBA KFS • • • • • Presence of KWS, KFS Gazetted integrated wildlife & forestry Management plan Elephant Dual Gazettment (KFS/KWS/NMK/KEFRI) 114Km Fence (requires rehabilitation) • • • • • Tea plantation farming encroachment Illegal logging of indigenous tree species Elephants Encroachment & degradation 43.7Km fence maintained by KFS NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 97 Semen Legend County Boundary - Forest Lake Tanzania. Unite Repel)? of coastline 37.5 75 150 225 300 1?:K?ometers Figure 4.2: Kenya Forest Reserves PAGE 98 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 4.1.4. Status of National Sanctuaries There are 5 National Sanctuaries in Kenya located in Nakuru, Samburu, Kisumu and Homa bay counties. They cover12.47km2 of the country. These sites were designated as Sanctuaries for various reasons amongst them: spectacular views and abundant birdlife; conservation education and rescue centers; or due to historical reasons. Lake Simbi, Ondago swamp and Maralal National sanctuaries fall under the County Government land. Maralal town has encroached fully into the Maralal Sanctuary. Table 4.4 gives the status of the Sanctuaries Table 4.4: Status of National wildlife Sanctuaries in 2015/2017 No Protected Area Area (Km2) 1. Naivasha 6.47 2. Kisumu Impala 0.34 Legal notice/ Gazettement Legal notice no. 418 of 1992 Other Protectio n Status Visitor statistics (20152017 average) None N/A None 202,560 (2015/2016) Status of Site Infrastructure Classes, hostels & offices • • Wildlife cages 3Km Fence 292,075 Values (Remarks & threats) Wildlife Training Institute Impala Sanctuary Educational center with caged wildlife species Impala B –yet to be developed (2016/2017) 3. Lake Simbi 0.42 Legal notice no. 85 of 2000 IBA N/A None • • Lesser Flamingo No revenue gates 4. Ondago swamp 0.24 Legal notice no. 85 of 2000 IBA N/A None • • Lesser Flamingo No revenue gates 5. Maralal 5 None N/A Lodge • ( closed) Fully encroached by Maralal town • 4.1.5. Status of Wildlife Conservancies The WCMA, 2013 recognizes conservancies as a form of wildlife land use and according to the WCMA, 2013, any person or community who own land on which wildlife inhabits may individually or collectively establish a wildlife conservancy or sanctuary in accordance with the provisions of the WCMA, 2013.Since the Regulations for the registration of conservancies is as yet to be gazetted, all conservancies have been operating on an adhoc basis. different levels of development in both human and infrastructure capital. They mostly operate as Community Based Organizations (CBOs), Trusts or private companies. The Northern Rangeland Trust (NRT) supports a large number of conservancies especially community based ones. Other noticeable support comes from private companies, government institutions (e.g. Agriculture Development Corporation (ADC), NEMA, NGOs (e.g. World Wildlife Fund (WWF), AWF, USAID, Nature Kenya) and County Governments. There are over 160 conservancies covering over 63,600Km2 representing 11% of the country’s area as indicated in Figure 4.3. Of these, 4 are Marine, 76 are community, 58 are private, and 26 are group while 60 are listed under World Database Protected Area (WPDA). All these areas are crucial to the land owners and the local community around them as they derive their livelihoods from them as they continue to conserve the biological resources therein. Some harbor critically endangered and/or endemic species with unique habitats.Depending on their resources or sponsorship, the Conservancies are at According to the Kenya Wildlife Conservancies Association (KWCA)-an umbrella association for all conservancies – website, the first conservancies were established in the 1970s, and have continued to grow in number and complexity.Currently they have 160 conservancies registered with them in 28 counties. Of these 110 are operational, 42 emerging and 8 proposed.Of these 76 are on community land, 26 are formed by grouping together private lands and 58 are on private individual land ownership. The largest community conservancy in the country is the Melako 5467Km2 followed by Malkahalaku NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 99 conservancy which covers 4800Km2and then Lokichar 4540Km2. These conservancies are host to 90% of the global population of Grevy’s Zebra and Hirola. They also support community livelihoods with over 707,460 households -1,809 non uniformed staff, 2,991 rangers and 206 staff employed by regional association. Ksh257m was invested in community developments by NRT in their operational areas in 2015. Ksh71m was invested in community development within the Mara region in 2015-2016. by their various umbrella associations. NRT, the KWCA and the Masai Mara Wildlife ConservanciesAssociation are the three largest umbrella Conservancy associations in Kenya. The conservancies are grouped based on areas of region thus; Amboseli ecosystem, Athi Kapiti, Laikipia, Lamu, Masai Mara, Rift Lakes, Southern rangeland, Northern rangelands, Taita Taveta, Tsavo, Western and North Eastern. The associations deal with the governance, laws, policies and regulations affecting the member conservancies. Table 4.5 and 4.6 gives the status of Conservancies in Kenya. The conservancies have administrative and management structures which are defined Figure 4.3: Wildlife Conservancies in Kenya PAGE 100 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Table 4.5 Status of Community Conservancies 2015/2017 # Conservancy Year Established. Area Scouts No. Trained Regional Association/Man agement (Ha) (No) 688 0 0 Western Wildlife Conservancies Association Rift Lakes Conservancies Association County (Remarks & Threats) 1. Cheborbwa Conservancy 2. Ngenyin Community Conservation Area Ruko 2001 49 1 1 2007 17,897 16 10 Kiborgoch Community Wildlife & Wetland Conservancy Kabarion Conservancy 2015 51 0 0 2011 25,000 15 0 Irong Community Conservancy Kosetei Wildlife Conservancy 2010 400 0 0 2016 21,000 18 8 8. Kibargoi wildlife Conservancy 2016 4,000 4 0 9. 10. Kapkurumoi Cultural & Conservation Gwasi Hills 2009 4,835 0 11. Oldonyiro 2016 55338 60 Northern Rangeland Trust Isiolo 12. Leparua Community Conservancy 2014 32,835 16 Northern Rangeland Trust Isiolo 13. Nakuprat-Gotu Community Conservancy Ltd 2013 71,254 28 Northern Rangeland Trust Isiolo 14. Nasuulu Community Conservancy 2010 34,601 26 Northern Rangeland Trust Isiolo 15. Biliqo-Bulesa 2007 378,520 36 Northern Rangeland Trust Isiolo 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 0 Values Baringo • Rift Lakes Conservancies Association Rift Lakes Conservancies Association Baringo • Sanctuary for Rothschild giraffe introduced in 2011 Baringo • Rift Lakes Conservancies Association Rift Lakes Conservancies Association Western Wildlife Conservancies Association Western Wildlife Conservancies Association Western Wildlife Conservancies Association Western Wildlife Conservancies Association Baringo • Baringo • Baringo Elgeiyo Marakwet Elgeiyo Marakwet Homa Bay • Birds & Snakes • Land ownership unresolved since the conservancy is where the livestock holding grounds under GoK • Mpus Kutuk conservancy is now part of oldonyiro • It is an elephant corridor • Habitat for Grevy Zebra • Traversed by the 400MW Ethiopia – Kenya power line. • Elephant corridor linking ilngwesi, Lekurruki, Nasuulu and Mpus Kutuk (Oldonyiro) • Elephant and Grevy Zebra • It is home to the last remaining population of Elands in Northern Kenya • Borders Shaba National Reserves • Has one of the largest Beisa Oryx population • Mainly it’s a wildlife corridor between reserves and conservancies • 1 tented campsite • Buffer to Shaba National Reserves • Faced with constant inter-tribal conflict and cattle rustling among the four pastor-nomadic tribes • Has Grevy Zebra • Giraffe, Leopard, lion • Important Elephant corridor between Sera conservancy and Samburu National Reserves, buffalo Springs and Shaba • Is developing a “ sustainable land use plan” NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 101 16. Masai Wilderness Conservation Trust(Kanzi) 2002 4800 103 44 Amboseli/Tsavo Ecosystem Trust Kajiado 17. Kitirua 1986 (established ) 30000 acres 10 4 Amboseli Ecosystem Trust Kajiado 18. Sidai Oleng Wildlife Sanctuary (kimana) 2014 2428.2 34 34 Amboseli Ecosystem Trust Kajiado 19. Kilitome (Tawi) 2009 2400 6 6 Amboseli Ecosystem Trust Kajiado • 20. Olerai Wildlife Community Conservancy 2006 3561 10 10 Athi-Kapiti Wildlife Conservancies Association Kajiado • 21. Enkusero Sampu 2013 2,428 2 Kajiado • 22. Golini Mwaluganje 2014 2,630 6 0 Southern Rangeland Association of Land Owners Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association 23. Ol-Lentile Trust 2005 10000 33 21 Laikipia Wildlife Forum Laikipia 24. Sossian Samburumburu 1999 9452 50 0 Laikipia Wildlife Forum Laikipia 25. Laikipia Nature Conservancy(Ol Ari Nyiro) 2002 36500 45 20 Laikipia Wildlife Forum Laikipia 26. Il Ngwesi group ranch 1996 9,433 17 Northern Rangeland Trust Laikipia 27. Lekurruki Conservation Ltd 1999 15,872 38 Northern Rangeland Trust Laikipia 28. Naibunga Conservancy Trust 2004 47,105 26 Northern Rangeland Trust Laikipia 29. Ngare Ndare 2000 5,511 24 (14 trained at FTSmanyani) Northern Rangeland Trust Laikipia, Meru PAGE 102 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Kwale • Has an Eco-lodge (kambi ya kanzi) • It’s an Elephant migration corridor between Amboseli and Tsavo National Parks • Operates the Wildlife Pay policy which financially compensates herders who lose their livestock to predators • Donor funded operations • It’s an Elephant migration corridor between Amboseli and Tanzania • Tortillas Camp is the 1st lodge to operate 100% on solar and lodgers pay a conservation fee and scout training levy • The area still experiments on “elephant Enclosures” to rejuvenate woodland • It is situated at the base of Mt. Kilimanjaro • It’s an Elephant migration corridor between Amboseli and Tanzania • • Established by community as an Elephant sanctuary • 1 lodge • Located in community owned Kijabe group ranch • Lion, Wild dog, Grevys zebra, Leopard, Stripped & Spotted Hyaena, Greater Kudu, Elephant • 1 lodge fully powered by Solar • Have a conservancy management plan • 1 lodge • Lion, leopard, Cheetah, Wild dog, Elephant, Hippo, Grevy zebra, Giraffe • Over 300 species of birds • 30 Reptile species • Over 70 Mammal species • Ewaso-Narok river passes through • Managed from its worldwide office in Arlington, Virginia USA • Illegal grazing a major threat • Has 62 man- made lakes, the permanent Mukutan River • Besides elephants has giraffes, lions, leopards and cheetah • Has over 400 bird species (85that are either Vulnerable or endangered) • Has a Award winning Eco-lodge • Provides the largest number of cattle to the NRT livestock Programme • Has elephants and reticulated giraffes • Part of Mukogodo forest is found and has 210 different species of birds • Has 1 lodge • Has 3 lodges and 1 cottage • Has elephants, Cheetah, lions and grevy Zebra • Land gazetted under KFS (it is a forest reserve) • Elephant corridor linking Lewa and Mt. kenya • Has red Cedar trees 30. Awer Community Conservancy Hanshak Nyongoro Conservancy 2013 157,540 15 6 2013 32,000 11 6 32. Kiunga Marine Community Conservancy 2013 23,936 18 33. Pate Island Conservation Group Chachabole Community Environment & Wildlife Conservation Group Songa Community Conservancy 2013 27,831 10 2011 103,868 14 0 Northern Rangeland Trust Marsabit 36. Jaldesa Community Conservancy 2012 52,079 14 12 Northern Rangeland Trust Marsabit 37. Shurr 2013 417,098 14 Northern Rangeland Trust Marsabit 38. Melako 2004 549,125 38 Northern Rangeland Trust Marsabit 39. Kigio Wildlife Conservancy 2007 1,400 12 2 Nakuru 40. 2003 200 9 2 Nakuru • Masai giraffe 41. Hippo-point Naivasha Conservancy Lentolia Farm 2004 44 2 0 Nakuru • Python, Masai giraffe 42. Mundui Estate 405 12 8 Rift Lakes Conservancies Association Rift Lakes Conservancies Association Rift Lakes Conservancies Association Rift Lakes Conservancies Association • Listed species include elephants, giraffe, grevy zebra, • Wildlife poaching remains the biggest threat • Since the conservancy is still relatively new it is more inclined presently in infrastructure development • Has over 200 Grevy Zebra • High levels of poaching • The conservancy is next to Ethiopia and Somalia • 34 rosthchild giraffe Nakuru 43. Kongoni Conservancy 2000 356 10 7 Nakuru 44. Sanctuary Farm 1979 160 2 0 45. Soysambu Conservancy 2008 19,200 64 5 46. Loldia Conservancy 2002 2,000 0 0 Rift Lakes Conservancies Association Rift Lakes Conservancies Association Rift Lakes Conservancies Association Rift Lakes Conservancies Association • Located on the shores of Lake Oloiden • Has hippos, giraffe and most of the 400 bird species of lake Naivasha can be viewed here • Hyaena, leopard, spring hare among others are represented here • Has I lodge and 2 cottages 31. 34. 35. Northern Rangeland Trust Coast Northern Rangeland Trust Coast Lamu • Located in the Lamu archipelago between the Dodori and Boni Forest Lamu 15 Northern Rangeland Trust Coast Lamu 6 Northern Rangeland Trust Coast Lamu • The Ox-bow and Bird rich Lake Moa is found in this conservancy • Is within the Ramsar site of the Tana Delta • This is a community group that partners with kiunga Marine Park especially in the conservation of turtles, birds and mangroves • This is a community group and not a conservancy 2013 Mandera • A relatively new conservancy and presently is in the process of setting up infrastructure- a HQ, Roads and tourism facilities • It borders Marsabit National Park • Has greater Kudu, Elephant, gravy Zebra, Giraffe, lion • Main listed species include elephant, gravy zebra, giraffe, leopard • Intensified farming and increase in livestock numbers along the riverine is a threat to the existence of wildlife • Since the conservancy is still relatively new it is more inclined presently in infrastructure development Nakuru • Nakuru • Nakuru • NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 103 47. Crater Lake Game Sanctuary 48. Oserengoni 49. Kibirong 50. 1995 4,047 9 9 Rift Lakes Conservancies Association Rift Lakes Conservancies Association Nakuru • 7,000 24 24 Nakuru • 2015 267 17 5 Western Wildlife Conservancies Association Masai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association Nandi Mara North Conservancy 2008 27,788 41 Narok • 1 lodge and 9 tented campsites 51. Lemek Conservancy 2009 7,397 18 Masai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association Narok • 2 lodges and 3 tented campsites 52. Olare Orok conservancy 2005 8,000 22 Masai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association Narok • 53. Olchorro Oirowa Conservancy 1992 6,472 12 Masai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association Narok • 4 tented campsites 54. Olarro Conservancy 2009 7,497 8 Masai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association Narok • 1 tented campsite 55. Ol kinyei conservancy 2005 7,544 20 Masai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association Narok • 56. Enonkishu Conservancy 2011 2,399 13 Masai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association Narok • 2 tented campsites 57. Oloisutuk Conservancy 2011 20,225 13 Masai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association Narok • 58. Motorogi Conservancy 2006 4,160 11 Masai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association Narok • 5 tented campsites 59. Siana Conservancy 11,595 8 Masai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association Narok • 4 tented campsites 60. Olderkesi Wildlife Conservancy Trust 3,079 15 Masai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association Narok • 1 tented campsite 61. Pardamat Conservation Area 25,989 16 Masai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association Narok • 62. Nashulai Conservancy Maasai Landowners Narok • 2011 2 • PAGE 104 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Is a critical migratory corridor and Elephant nursery 63. Nkoteiya 2011 17000 25 Northern Rangeland Trust Samburu • 64. Kalama Community Wildlife Conservancy 2002 49,674 30 Northern Rangeland Trust Samburu 65. Ltungai Community Conservancy 2007 19,308 23 Northern Rangeland Trust Samburu 66. Meibae Community Conservancy Westgate Community Conservancy 2013 101,648 27 Northern Rangeland Trust Samburu • Located in Gir Gir group ranch • Listed species include the lesser kudu, elephant, grevy Zebra, reticulated giraffe, wild dog and cheetah • 1 lodge and campsites • Found in the Longewan and lolmolog group ranch • Has Grevy Zebra, elephant, lion and cheetah among the listed species • One of the areas where greater Kudu is common • Traversed by the 400MW Ethiopia – Kenya power line. 2005 36,253 40 Northern Rangeland Trust Samburu 68. Namunyak 1995 288,228 85 Northern Rangeland Trust Samburu 69. Sera Community Conservancy 2012 339,336 93 33 rangers and another 12 trained by British Army Northern Rangeland Trust Samburu, Marsabit, Isiolo, 70. Lumo Wildlife Conservation Trust 2001 45,788 14 12 Taita Taveta • 71. Taita Ranch 1964 38,040 0 0 Taita Taveta • Listed Species Elephant, Hyaena, Cheetah 72. Oza group ranch 11,200 0 0 Taita Taveta • 73. Wangala Ranch 2,000 5 0 Taita Taveta • 74. Rukinga 1997 34,398 85 Taita Taveta • 75. Kasigau Ranching Company ltd 1980 20,800 5 0 Taita Taveta • 76. Mkuki Ranch 1975 2,427 0 0 Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Taita Taveta • 67. 77. Amaka Ranch 2007 5,988 5 0 • In Ngutuk Ongiron group Ranch • Has listed species- Grevy Zebra, Elephant, Lesser Kudu, • Ewaso Lions Community group has its footing here and is involved in Lion conservation • Has an 18 bed tented camp and one camp site • Conservancy surrounded by the Mathews Ranges • Has Elephants, Leopards, Reticulated giraffes, Wild dog, greater Kudu and the rare De Brazza colobus Monkey • It’s part of the elephant corridor to Mt. kenya • Has the IUCN listed powsyll an endemic sub species of cycadencephalartos tegulaneus (Mathew cycad) • Due to its large size it is divided into three management units each independent and with an HQ but under an Umbrella Board and manager • Has two tented camp sites • Traversed by the 400MW Ethiopia – Kenya power line. • Black Rhino Sanctuary- 20 translocated in 2015 • Listed species include African Wild Dog, Elephant, giraffe and Grevy Zebra • 1 luxury banda and a camp site NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Taita Taveta • PAGE 105 75. Kasigau Ranching Company ltd 1980 20,800 5 0 76. Mkuki Ranch 1975 2,427 0 0 77. Amaka Ranch 2007 5,988 5 0 78. Maungu Ranching Company ltd. 21,619 0 0 79. Wushumbu Ranch 19,468 0 0 80. Dawida Ranching company ltd 4,000 0 0 81. Kambanga Ranching Company ltd 13,600 5 0 82. Mgeno Ranching Company ltd 21,200 5 0 83. Bura Ranch 15,355 0 0 2001 1977 84. Mramba Ranch 1995 11,874 10 4 85. Kamungi Conservancy 2015 2,800 12 0 86. Ndera Community Conservancy 2010 116,261 10 10 87. Ishaqbini 2007 68,174 37 88. Galana Wildlife Conservancy 2009 24,000 4 0 89. Malkahalaku 480,000 12 0 90. Lower Tana Delta Conservation trust 2004 50,000 12 6 91. Kitale Nature Conservancy 2010 120 92. Kainuk 2015 93. 94. Lokichar PAGE 106 Katilu 2014 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 2015 19 30 20 Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta • Taita Taveta • Taita Taveta • Taita Taveta • Taita Taveta • Taita Taveta • Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Taita Taveta Wildlife Conservancies Association Tsavo Conservation Group Northern Rangeland Trust Coast Taita Taveta • Listed species Elephant, Leopard, cheetah, Hyaena Taita Taveta • Listed species Elephant, giraffe, Lesser Kudu, Lion, Stripped Hyaena, Cheetah Taita Taveta • Tana river • Falls within the designated Ramsar site and borders Ishaq Bin • The critically endangered Tana mangabey and the Red Colobus are found here • Over 200 bird species have been recorded • It’s a critical ecosystem without a management plan Northern Rangeland Trust Coast Tsavo Conservation Group Tsavo Conservation Group Tana River • The only established Hirola sanctuary in the country • Has a predator free fence Northern Rangeland Trust Coast Tarasaa and Kipini sub county Western Wildlife Conservancies Association Northern Rangeland Trust North Rift Northern Rangeland Trust North Rift Northern Rangeland Trust North Rift Trans Nzoia • Listed species Lion, Cheetah, Elephant Snakes & variety of bird species Taita Taveta Taita Taveta Tana River Tana River • Falls within the designated Ramsar site • The critically endangered Tana mangabey and the Red Colobus are found here • Has a mangrove forest • It’s a critical ecosystem without a management plan • Lodge charges guests conservation fee whichis forwarded to the Management (Trust) • 1 community lodge and bandas • Sitatunga Turkana • Turkana • Turkana • 91. Kitale Nature Conservancy 2010 120 92. Kainuk 2015 19 93. Lokichar 2014 30 94. Katilu 2015 20 95. Lochakula 2015 18 96. 2011 80 5 97. Kaimosi Mission Wildlife Conservancy Masol 2015 300,000 16 98. Pellow 2015 500,000 17 Western Wildlife Conservancies Association Northern Rangeland Trust North Rift Northern Rangeland Trust North Rift Northern Rangeland Trust North Rift Northern Rangeland Trust North Rift Western Wildlife Conservancies Association Northern Rangeland Trust North Rift Northern Rangeland Trust North Rift 1 Trans Nzoia • Turkana • Turkana • Turkana • Turkana • Sitatunga Vihiga West Pokot • bandas West Pokot • These are conservancies set up on land on leasehold or freehold by a private individual or corporate body for the purpose of wildlife conservation. Table 4.6 Status of private conservancies 2015/2017 No 1. Name Location Area (Km2) Year Established Lewa Wildlife conservancy (Lewa downs) Meru 250 1995 Management and Management Plan • • Lewa Wildlife Conservancy It is the HQ of NRT 2. Ol Jogi Laikipia 270 1965 3. Ol Pejeta Laikipia 360 2005 4. Sangare Conservancy Laikipia 2428 2010 Family management 5. Solio Nyeri 190 1970 Private 6. Borana Laikipia 48.5 1992 Private 7. Mara Naboisho Narok 200 8. Kipwa Machakos 121 (Ha) • • • Infrastructure Remarks 1 Airstrip 1 lodge 4 tented camps • Has the big five and is a Black Rhino sanctuary • 12% of Kenya’s Grevy Zebra population • More than 400 bird species • Has the big five and the African (is a black Rhino sanctuary) Wild Dog is a common site • Has over 400 Grevy Zebra and reticulated Giraffe and three species of primates • In 2016 opened a wildlife corridor to neighboring conservancies • Has a wildlife rescue centre • Use of modern technology in wildlife surveillance • By 2016 300 bird species had been recorded • Is a Chimpanzee sanctuary (at sweet waters • Has the largest black and white Rhino sanctuary in the country and the home to remaining Northern White Rhino (moved here from the Dvur Kralove Zoo in the Czech republic) • Has Grevy Zebra and also the African Wild Dog 1 tented camp • Situated between Mt. Kenya and the Aberdares • Trout fishing is a major attraction • It is thus a major Elephant corridor and has over 60 animal species • The Saline Sangare Dam is a Bird Paradise • The Fresh water springs and marshes are important wildlife watering points • Has over 300 bird species • It also keeps livestock Fully fenced • Black Rhino Sanctuary 1 lodge • Land ownership dispute still in court 1 lodge • Is a black rhino sanctuary since 2103 • Fence between it and Lewa was brought down to create a wildlife corridor • Has more than 50 indigenous tree families • 300 bird species NWCS REPORT 6 tented • Houses2015-2017 koiyaki GuidingPAGE school107 • Mara naboisho lion project is housed campsites here Base camp have a 15yr management lease • 1 eco-lodge • 5. Solio 6. Borana 7. Mara Naboisho 8. Kipwa 9. Olerai sanctuary Kwa kyelu Sanctuary Wileli House 10. 11. Nyeri 190 1970 Private Laikipia 48.5 1992 Private Narok 200 Machakos 121 (Ha) Machakos Silole Kajiado/ Nairobi 400 acres 14. Crater lake tented Camp and Game sanctuary Kongoni Wildlife Hippo Point Wildlife Conservancy Lentolia Farm Nakuru (Naivasha) 15Ha Nakuru 405 Ha Under Nairobi National Park management plan 2000 Nakuru 2011 Nakuru 2004 18. Sanctuary Farm 19. 20. Oserengoni Wildlife Sanctuary Mundui Estate Nakuru 21. Soysambu Nakuru 480 22. Kigio Wildlife Nakuru 14Km2 23. 24. Marula Estates Green Park Nakuru 25. Nakuru 26. Kedong Ranch Ziwani Island 27. 28. Yala Swamp Mugie Laikipia 200 • Lisa Ranch Kajiado 2428 Cottages • On Moi south lake road and adjacent to L. Naivasha • Giraffes & Hippo • Variety of water birds • 1 Lodge • Divided from Nairobi N.P by Mbagathi river • Lease programme for Nairobi National Park until 2015 • Community • 1 lodge at hippo point • Stretches both on lakes Naivasha and Oloiden • Hippo, Giraffe & birds • Nakuru (L. Naivasha) • • 2011 303Km2 1 Lodge 2008 Has a lodge and a tented camp 1974 1 lodge • Located on Lake Oloiden • Listed species Giraffe, Hippo, Leopard • Birds • Over 450 bird species (28% of world’s Lesser flamingo) • Over 50 mammal species(10% of world’s Rothschild Giraffe) • Migratory corridor between L. Elementaita &L. Naivasha • Has a breeding population of rothschild giraffe • Has over250 bird species and has one of the largest population of the grey crested helmetshrkes •• • Heavy encroached by livestock • Dominion PAGE 108 1 eco-lodge • Nakuru (naivasha) 13. 29. • 1500 Baringo/ Elgeyo 17. 6 tented campsites • Cheploch nature Trails 16. Base camp have a 15yr management lease Nakuru 12. 15. Fully fenced 1 lodge 1 lodge • The Fresh water springs and marshes are important wildlife watering points • Has over 300 bird species • It also keeps livestock • Black Rhino Sanctuary • Land ownership dispute still in court • Is a black rhino sanctuary since 2103 • Fence between it and Lewa was brought down to create a wildlife corridor • Has more than 50 indigenous tree families • 300 bird species • Houses koiyaki Guiding school • Mara naboisho lion project is housed here NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 1 Camp& Guest house • • • Cheetah, Giraffe, Lesser Kudu, Lion 4.1.6. Conservation Education Facilities The country has several wildlife conservation education facilities which are either private or public. Among the key private ones are Lafarge (Haller) Park at Bamburi in Mombasa, Mt. Kenya Education Center (William Holden) in Nanyuki, Giraffe Center in Nairobi, Blue Post Orphanage in Thika and Poa Place in Eldoret. The Nairobi Orphanage and Nairobi Safari Walk are two educational facilities run by KWS in Nairobi.A similar facility, the Kisumu Impala Sanctuary is based in Kisumu. A total of 717,223 visitors, mainly students visited these three facilities. Of these 48% visited Nairobi Animal Orphanage, 21% Nairobi Safari Walk and 31% visited Kisumu Impala Sanctuary.Table 4.7 gives the Conservation Education Programmes undertaken 2015-2017 Table 4.7 Status of Conservation Education Programmes 2015-2017 Activity Out-reach programs 2015/16 2016/17 Remarks 160 67 Targeted learning institutions and organized community groups. Different wildlife conservation issues tackled through lecture/talks and video shows Not undertaken during this period 355 Learning institutions and organized community groups visiting the education facilities. Different wildlife conservation issues tackled through lecture/talks and video shows Took part in the planning and execution of world wildlife day and world environment day celebrations respectively. programs filmed and aired in collaboration with k24( Just Kids Program) A total 25 learning institutions participated in this activity. Best students were awarded with different prizes None undertaken Stakeholders workshop In house programs International biodiversity day celebrations Media programs Wildlife conservation essay competition and awards Conservation exhibitions Road shows Conservation exhibitions Essay competitions and awards Agricultural Society of Kenya (ASK) shows 2 3 12 6 1 2 4 7 Done at Narok and Nanyuki towns respectively creating awareness to the general public Awards to winners to be done in 2017/18 2 7 The department represented the organization. NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 109 4.2. Status of Marine Parks and Reserves and Ramsar sites 4.2.1. Marine National Parks There are 4 Marine National Parks distributed in Kilifi, Kwale and Mombasa Counties. These are Kisite, Mombasa, Watamu and Malindi Marine National Parks. They cover a total gazetted area of 54km2with Mpunguti Marine Park being the largest while Malindi is the smallest. Kisite-Mpunguti Marine Protected Area Management Plan 2015-2025 was finalized and gazetted through gazette notice no. 1896 of March 2016. Malindi and Watamu were grouped together and both are internationally recognized by UNESCO as Man and Biosphere Reserves. Table 4.8 gives the status of Marine Parks in Kenya Table 4.8: Status of Marine Parks No 1 Park Area (Km2) Malindi 6 Legal notice/ Gazettement Legal notice no. 98 of 1968 Other Protection Status Visitor statistics (2015-2017 average) UNESCO Man & Biosphere reserve, 1978 26,540 (2015/16) 31,555 (2016/17) Values (Remarks& Threats) • • • 2 3 4 Mombasa Kisite 26.093 28 Watamu 10 None Legal notice No. 216 of 1978 Legal notice no. 98 of 1968 PAGE 110 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 IBA UNESCO Mann & Biosphere reserve, 1978 25,906 (2015/16) 29,565 (2016/17) • 30,088 (2015/16) 38,328 (2016/17) • 29,707 (2015/16) 40,266 (2016/17) • • • • • • • More than 600 fish species,145 types of hard coral, 12 species of echinoids,135 types of gastropods & 200 species of benthic cover algae Billionaires club beach wall erected on turtle nesting site Listed breeding turtle species Hawks bill, green olive ridley & loggerhead Encroachment on KWS Office/ residential land No Management plan Listed species shark, Rays, leatherback turtle, hawksbill turtle & green turtle Management plan 2015-2025 gazetted No Compliance report for 2016& 2017 45 species of corals and 350 types of fish species, turtles , humpback whale Hemingway beach wall on turtle nesting sites Over 500 fish species Listed species Whale Shark, Rays, Green turtle, Hawksbill turtle, Leatherback turtle and Olive Ridley SOUTH mur Ethiopia . BONI KIUNGA MARINE TSAVO EAST MOMBASWRINE SHIMBA HILLS CHALE MARINE R. KISITE MARINE MALINDI WRINE ARABUKO SOKOKE MALINDI MARINE WATAMU MARINE MOMBASA MARINE R, Legend I National Boundary County Boundary Marine protected area - Marine National Park Marine National Reserve 30 60 90 120 . I 41E Fig 4.4 Marine Parks Reserves NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 111 4.2.2. Marine National Reserves There are 6 marine national reserves in the counties of Lamu, Kilifi, Mombasa and Kwale with a total acreage of 871km2. These Marine Reserves are appendages of the National Marine Parks except Diani Chale and Kiunga. Kiunga Marine National Reserve is the largest, followed by Mombasa Marine National Reserve while Mpunguti is the smallest. Malindi and Watamu are internationally recognized by UNESCO as Man & Biosphere Reserve (1978). Only Diani Chale Marine National Reserve is as yet to develop a management plan, the rest have their management plans development at various stages. Kisite-Mpunguti Management Plan was gazetted in 2016. Presently the Reserves are facing various pressures including illegal fishing by trawlers, pollution especially by solid waste, dynamite fishing, climate change and invasive species which are undermining the health status of the Reserves.Some of these threats are highlighted specifically in chapter 3. Table 4.9 summarizes the status of the Marine Reserves during the reporting period Table 4.9: Status of Marine Reserves in 2015/2017 No Protected Area Area Legal notice/ Recognition (Km2) Gazettement (local/ international) Visitor statistics (20152017) Remarks • Beach wall being constructed by the Billionaires club on a turtle nesting site • Management plan in preparation process • Turtle nesting sites being fenced off by emerging beach walls • Management plan in preparation process • Green turtle, • Solid waste disposal from the city is a growing threat • No Management plan 1 Malindi 213 Legal notice no. 99 of 1968 UNESCO Mann & Biosphere Reserve, 1978 Same to Malindi MP 2 Watamu 32 Legal notice no. 98 of 1968 UNESCO Mann & Biosphere Reserve, 1978 Same to Watamu MP 3 Mombasa 200 1988 Same to Mombasa MP 4 Mpunguti 11 Same to Kisite MP • 5 Kiunga 250 Legal notice No. 216 of 1978 1979 47 (2015/16) 180 (2016/17) • Dugong sighted in 2017 Kiwayu/Kiunga, Olive ridley & leather back turtles 6 Diani Chale 165 1995 Not managed • Dugong sighted in 2017 at Funzi Island PAGE 112 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Same as Kisite MP 4.2.3. Kenya’s Ramsar sites The Convention on wetlands came into effect in Kenya on 5th of October 1990. Presently Kenya has six designated Ramsar sites that cover an area of 2654Km2. For an area to be designated as a Ramsar sites it must fulfill at least one out of the nine set conditions. First, it must contain rare or unique wetland type. The other eight conditions cover sites of international importance for conserving and sustaining biological diversity. Table 4.10 gives the status of the six Ramsar sites in Kenya Table 4.10 Status of Ramsar Sites in Kenya NO Ramsar Site Year of Designation Protection Status Reason For designation 1 Tana River Delta 07/09/2012 • • IBA African Eurasian Water Bird Agreement (AEWA) • Is not a gazetted conservatio n area • • • • • 2 Lake Nakuru 05/06/1990 • • National Park Is also a UNESCO WHS • • 3 4 Lake Naivasha Lake Bogoria 10/4/1995 27/08/2001 • • • • IBA Is not a gazetted conservatio n area • Is also a UNESCO WHS Is a National Reserve • • • Remarks Due to its unique habitat caused by confluence of saline and fresh water it hosts a variety of species that include shrimps, prawns, bivalves and fish Five listed species of turtles are found here The critically listed Tana River Mangabey and the Tana River Red Colobus are also found here. The WhiteCollared monkey is also found here Over 600 plant species including the endangered cynometra lukei and gonatopus marattioides are found here It is a critical feeding and wintering ground for several migratory birds such as the Waders, gulls and terns. Has several listed endangered bird species including the South African Darter, great Egret, Grey crested shrike, lesser Kestrel and the Madagascar pond heron It is also a Black Rhino sanctuary • • • • • • • Ramsar site 2082 Water abstraction and land reclamation pose the greatest danger to this very fragile ecotone The migratory and resident water birds are dependent on the seasonally flooded grasslands borassus palm savannahs that cover some 70,000Ha of the Tana Delta Ramsar site 476 Site is 188Km2 fencing is a major hindrance to wildlife migration The lake is under massive pressure from invasive species The lake holds 1% of the worlds red-knobbed coot (fulica cristata ) Has over 350 bird species both residents and migratory • • Ramsar site 724 Pollution from agrochemical from horticulture farms T6he lake holds over 90% of Kenya’s Black-necked grebe and cape Teal One of the remaining places where one can easily see the threatened greater Kudu • Ramsar Site No 1097 The site is 107Km2 • NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 113 5 6 Lake Baringo • • Lake Elmemtaita 05/09/2005 • IBA Is not a gazetted conservatio n area Is also a UNESCO WHS • • • • Has an Endemic fish speciesoreochromis niloticus baringoensis Is a feeding and refuge for over 500 local and migratory bird species some of which are of regional or global conservation significance. Over 20000 birds are reported • • • On average over 600000 individual water birds comprising over 450 species (residents and migrants) are present of which about 80 are waterfowls Naturally is a feeding site for over 1million (about 28% of the global population) Lesser flamingo which is designated as near Threatened • • • Ramsar site No 1159 The site is 314Km2 Deforestation and water diversion for irrigation is a major threat to the site The invasive Pistia (Nile cabbage) is a new threat Ramsar site No 1498 Site is 108Km2 4.3. Paper (Non-Functional) Parks and Reserves A ‘Paper Park’ is defined as a legally established protected area where experts state that current protection activities are insufficient to halt degradation.” It is an internationally recognized term which implies that they have absence of management, or are “benign/ neglected” and only exist on maps and in legislation but offer little real protection for wildlife species and their habitats. These areas represent failure of efforts to protect resources and ecosystems. Apart from Ngai Ndethya National Reserve and the 6km2 Arabuko Sokoke National Park which in their true sense are now Paper Park, many of the Reserves seem to be heading towards similardirection. These include Losai, Rahole, Arawale and South Kitui South Kitui is presently the Reserve with the highest number of charcoal kilns while Losai has several villages established inside it. Malka Mari is slowly being settled while its wildlife is being threatened by livestock incursion. 4.4. Declaration of Protected Areas Section 31 (1) of WCMA, 2013 deals withdeclaration of a protected area, subsection (e) gives the Cabinet Secretary the legal framework on how to publish, after consultation, a wildlife rich area as a protected area(Park, Reserve, Sanctuary or Conservancy). The areas that look promising in this regard include the following; a. Gurar (Wajir County). The area is known to have a variety of wildlife species. Though no biodiversity inventory has been carried out, the area is known to have a variety of herbivores, birds and carnivores. The species of wildlife include ostrich, hyaenas,lion, giraffe and a variety of birds b. Ilemi triangle. The area measures between PAGE 114 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 10,320-14,000Km2this is an area equivalent to Tsavo East National Park, sparsely populated, rich in wildlife species and thus would provide a suitable wildlife land. Wildlife conservation would have to be integrated with the 5 local nomadic communities. c. Lotikipi Plains (Turkana County). This massive savannah grassland in the extreme North West of the country which is dissected by the seasonal Tarach River has a healthy population of Oryx antelopes and gazelles. No biodiversity assessment has been carried out. d. Suguta Valley. Lake Logipi (18Km2), a seasonal saline lake which lies north of the Suguta valley is a flamingo haven. The lakes shore line has several saline hot springs. The changing color of the lake is due to the algae concentration. per square kilometer. Presently the area is coming under pressure of irrigation agriculture. e. Forole (North Horr). Is found in Marsabit County between Turbi to the east and Maikona to the NorthWest. Wildlife found in this area include Oryx, Somali Ostrich, grants gazelle g. Lakes, Dams, Swamps, River Systems. Kenya’s major rivers (Tana, Athi,Nzoia,Ewaso Ngiro,Yala,Mara, Kuja), swamps(Yala and Lorian), lakes(Ol bollosat,Magadi,Victoria,Kenyatta, Challaand Naivasha)and dams(Masinga and Turkwel) harbor various water dependent animal species including local and migratory bird species. f. Omo Delta. This is a designated Important Bird Area. Lake Turkana has over 350 recorded bird species and perhaps the highest concentration of Nile crocodile 4.5. Status of Wildlife Corridors and Dispersal Areas Kenya has several wildlife corridors with the major ones being the Amboseli-Kilimanjaro and Mt. Kenya-Lewa downs-Samburu-Meru elephant corridors. The latter is a world heritage site .Other wildlife corridors include; • The corridors connecting Nairobi National Park with Athi Kaputei (wildebeest migratory corridor & dry season wildlife dispersal area) • MasaiMara Serengeti wildebeest migratory corridor.(It includes wildlife dispersal areas especially in the ranches & conservancies) • The Tsavo National Park Elephant dispersal areas: »» »» Chyulu National Park, South Kitui National Reserve, Kibwezi forest reserve, adjacent group ranches which constitute Tsavo ecosystem. Of particular importance are the four key corridors that sustain the ecological integrity of the ecosystem • Tsavo East to Mkomazi in Tanzania through Kasigau forest and the community ranches • Tsavo East to Arabuko Sokoke Forest Reserve through Galana-Kulalu ranches • Tsavo East to Mwaluganje & Shimba Hills through community ranches • Tsavo West to Amboseli through Kuku ranch • In the southern rift ecosystem, the area around Lake Magadi and Natron in Tanzania, Nguruman ranges with Ewaso Ngiro River being the only permanent source of water(Elephant corridor) • The elephant corridor connecting Aberdares and Mt. Kenya through Sangare /Solio ranch and Kabiroini forest reserve • The corridor connecting L. Nakuru National Park, with Hells Gate National Park through Elementaita wildlife sanctuary and Naivasha wildlife conservancies(zebra) • Elephant corridor between Kamnarok National Reserves, South Turkana to Nasolot National Reservesalong the Kerio River. Table 4.11 gives the status of the wildlife corridors in Kenya NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 115 Table 4.11: Status of Wildlife Corridors 2015-2017 No 1 Corridor Connectivity Area Km2 Identified mapped Gazetment Status Mt. KenyaLewaSamburuMarsabitMeru Athi – kaputei(Nairobikitengela) Amboseli Kerio- South TurkanaNasolot Mainly for elephants migration done done Not yet • KDF in the process of fencing without (no EIA done) NEMA approval Mainly zebra, wildebeest, giraffe, done done Not yet Elephant done done Not yet 4 TsavoMkomaziAmboseli Elephant, Giraffe done done Not yet 5 Lake NaivashaElementait a-Lake NakuruEburru Forest Lake NatronMagadi Area SerengetiMara Buffaloes, giraffes done done • Severe sub division of land and peri-urban development on the increase. Proposed Konza City • Settlements, land subdivision, habitat loss and irrigation agriculture by KVDA increasing. Possibility of HEP and oil exploration • Corridor through ranches being subdivided and fenced therefore need to be gazetted • Entire corridor is within Soysambu Conservancy and can easily be gazetted Zebra, giraffe, Buffalo done done Wildebeest, Zebra, done done 8 Amboseliwest kilimanjaro Elephants done done 9 Tsavo East National Park- Tana Delta Elephant, Buffalos, Antelopes, Giraffes done done 2 3 6 7 PAGE 116 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 100 • Part of the corridor is found in conservancies e.g. Shompole done Not yet • 95% of migratory corridor within protected area. Dispersal areas being subdivided, fenced and farmed • Illegal logging and uncontrolled nomadic use of pasture • The corridor is within conservancies • 5 routes exist into the delta2 from the North East and 3 from the North West and West • These migratory routes are the same used by pastoralist when herding cattle between the delta and wet season grazing areas. Figure.4.5 Athi –kaputei (Nairobi-kitengela) - Wildebeest Corridor NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 117 r. 5.?Nonnu- :33: l\ 9 . OIILAL lOlN' IAJIAOO sun: I Action Kiwiden?limmjam - impinged by' Lam-dim - legal and emuunic Main WW Kilimn-Wesl Kilimanjaro - challenged by Needs policy coordination ms sedentnrintionlnd fugmenuiian inlemanonnl boundaries Amboseli-Mailua?Nmangn - challenged mwoey?m?et by sedannrinhon. fragneniation and ion . Amboseli-Eaelenkei-lmbiriknni - open. Protect the remitting key habitats - as swamps and of new Emli?Oioitokitok tarmac road . n'verine areas Amboseli-beulu-Tsavo - invaded by . subdivision. agiculm and settlements Amboseli-Kimnna-Tuvo - cncrouhed by I . subdin'sion. agiculume and settlements . we Killian-Eleni-Kilinunjaro - impinged by . subdivision. agicultune and seitletnems [mutilate None - Low - Modem - mgr. - Blocked Figure 4.6: Amboseli- West Kilimanjaro Elephant Corridor . 113 REPORT 2015-2017 ?1 [sung ml Pn in )3 a! "Wt/hie Rama: and (?urndurs Route I: Luke Nakum NP - Conclave - Soysambu Route 3: Lake Elementaita - Sowambu Route3 :-Eburu Ututu- Soysambu Route 4: - Kekopcy - Marula - Lake Naivasha Route 5: Eburu - Loldia - Lake Naivasha Route 0: Hell's (late NP - Oserian - Lake Naivasha Route 7: Hell's Gate NP - Routes Kedong Dispersal Area A Law use 2 -. Cattle .. .. Route Gale NP- - .7 -. :3 -. Kedong - Longonot NP a Setnemem 2' ?t . . . . ?1:1 (En-?Nancy . 3n . x? . nets .0 \Iap 0.3. I: Land use and existing proposed routes and L'omdors 1n Lalc Natasha. Hementmm. Nukuru and Lburu Forest [105) stcm. Figure 4.7: Lake Naivasha-Elementaifa-Lake Nakuru-Eburru Forest ,PAGE 119 Source DRSRS Figure 4.8: Tsavo Mkomazi- Elephant migratory Corridor PAGE 120 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Source DRSRS Figure 4.9: Serengeti-Mara- Wildebeest Migratory Corridor NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 121 .- . . . . CHAPTER 5: STATUS OF LISTED ENDANGERED WILDLIFE SPECIES POPULATION AND TRENDS NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 123 5.1. Kenya’s Biodiversity Resources Kenya has an array of bio-geographical zones spread along altitudinal gradients from the coast to the snow-capped peaks of Mt. Kenya, reaching over 5000m above sea level. The latitudinal gradient in Kenya is bisected into two by the equator and some species e.g., Grevy’s zebra, Reticulated Giraffe, Beisa Oryx respond to this gradient. Globally Kenya is classified in the second group of mega-biodiverse nations. The foundation for Kenya’s vertebrate and invertebrate diversity is the richness and abundance of its plant life and bio-geographic spread. Africa is known to have 29,614 vascular plant species including; 706 ferns, 44 gymnosperms and 28,864 angiosperms. The East African region has a documented 12,317 species: this is the highest plant diversity per unit area across mainland tropical Africa. Of these at least 7,004 (57 per cent) are found in Kenya. With the advent of more advanced taxonomic and biodiversity survey tools such as molecular techniques, this number is likely to change as new species will be established and recorded. Currently 4,623 plant species within 1,387 genera are documented (source: NMK). In addition, 766 species of bryophytes, 511 ferns and 2,071 species of fungi and lichens have been recorded. the African continent for its wealth of mammal which are associated with certain specific wildlife species. These biomes contain high levels of animal species diversity and genetic variability, and have many endemic, rare, endangered and threatened species. There are 393Mammals in Kenya consisting of 2 golden moles; 43 even toed ungulates; 4 odd toed ungulates; 36 carnivores; 26 Whales, 5 dolphins and porpoises; 105 bats; 39 hedgehogs; 4 hyraxes; and 4 Lagomorphs; 5 elephant shrews; 3 pangolins; 20 primates; 1 proboscis; 94 rodents; 1 Dugong and 1 aardvark. Kenya has over 260 reptiles (Snakes, lizards, geckos, skinks, chameleons, tortoise, turtles, terrapins, crocodile) and amphibians (toads, frogs, salamanders) species; 1,105 bird species; 769 Fish species (362 fresh water) of which 5 are likely to be extinct , 168 arthropods, arachnids. The 2017 IUCN list of threatened species showed that Kenya had 463 plant and animal species which were threatened. Of these, 30 mammals, 43 birds, 73 fish and 234 plants. The broad classification by IUCN while listing threatened species includes. Critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, least concern, data deficient, and not evaluated. The Kenya–Tanzania borderland stands out on 5.2. Data Collection Methodologies The Service has developed an Ecological monitoring protocol manual (first edition) to guide monitoring various species parameters as population status (numbers, densities, presence or absence and threats). Some of the methodologies used include: a. Aerial Counts • Total Counts- for large mammals such as; elephants, giraffes, buffaloes, grevy zebra, eland and large marine mega fauna • Sample Countshippos, wildebeest, zebra, birds impala, b. Dung Counts undertaken for large mammals in forested areas such as Elephants c. Ground counts -a monitoring tool for presence or absence of a species, it includes: PAGE 124 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 • Road counts based on defined transects in a defined area • Call back- used for carnivores especially Lion and Hyaena Counts d. Capture mark recapture: long term method used in some areas for monitoring certain wildlife populations. The method is based on individual identification unique pattern or marks. e. Marine underwater transects e.g. for sea grass and coral f. Informed guess from persons who interact with a specific area on a regular basis. 5.3. Status of Carnivores Kenya has variety of large and small carnivores of which 6 are large and 30 small carnivores (table 5.1). Carnivores play a vital role ecologically and economically in Kenya’s tourism sector. However, survival of the carnivores in Kenya is severely threatened by habitat loss, anthropogenic factors, landuse change, and reduction in wild prey base, human-carnivore conflicts, diseases, range reduction and road/rail kills. The population status of carnivores in most areas is not well known as monitoring of carnivores is a challenging undertaking. Most large carnivores range widely and in some ecosystems are difficult to track. A National carnivore survey is planned for 2018/2019; the objective of the survey will be to determine their distribution, density as well as threats. Table 5.1 List of Carnivores species in Kenya Listed species in WMCA 2013 Listed 1. Lion Panthera Leo Felidae 2. Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus Felidae 3. Leopard Panthera pardus Felidae 4. African Golden Cat Caracal aurata Felidae 5. African Wild Dog Lycaon pictus Canidae 6. 7. 8. Spotted Hyaena Stripped Hyaena Small spotted Genet Crocuta corocuta Hyaena hyaena Genetta genetta Hyaenidae Hyaenidae Nandiniidae 9. Serval Cat Leptailurus serval Felidae 10. Black Serval Melanistic Felidae 11. Caracal Caracal caracal Felidae 12. African Wildcat Felis silvestris Felidae 13. Silver/Black Backed Jackal Canis mesomelas Canidae 14. Golden Jackal Canis aureus Canidae 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. Side-Stripped Jackal African Golden Wolf Bat Eared Fox Aardwolf African large spotted Genet Servaline Genet African Civet African Palm civet Stripped polecat(Zorilla/African skunk) African clawless Otter Spotted Necked Otter African stripped Weasel Somali dwarf Mongoose Common dwarf mongoose Somali slender Mongoose Slender Mongoose Marsh Mongoose Banded Mongoose White-tail Mongoose Sokoke bushy- tailed Mongoose Jackson’s Mongoose Bushy-tailed Mongoose Canis adustus Canis anthus Octocyon megalotis Proteles cristata Genetta maculata Genetta Servalina Cevittictis civetta Nandinia binotata Ictonyx striatus Aonyx capensis Lutra maculicollis Poceilogale albinucha Helogale hirtula Helogale parvula Herpestes ochraceus Herpestes sanguineus Artilax paludinosus Mungos mungo Ichneumia albicauda Bdeogale omnivora Bdeogale jackson Bdeogale crassicauda Canidae Canidae Canidae Hyaenidae Nandiniidae Nandiniidae Viverridae Viverrid Mustelidae Mustelidae Mustelidae Mustelidae Herpestidae Herpestidae Herpestidae Herpestidae Herpestidae Herpestidae Herpestidae Herpestidae Herpestidae Herpestidae Non Listed NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 125 5.3.1. Status of Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) The Cheetah is listed in the sixth schedule of WCMA, 2013 as an endangered species, however in the IUCN red list, it is categorised as vulnerable with its worldwide population noted as decreasing. The current global cheetah population is estimated at 6,674 individuals by IUCN. Historical data shows that, cheetahs were widely distributed within Kenya; however, recent surveys have shown that, cheetahs in Kenya have experienced a reduction in their geographic range and now occupy 23% of their historical range with the largest population occurring in Laikipia-Samburu, Tsavo and Mara ecosystems. Table 5.2 and 5.3 gives the population of cheetah in some specific surveys in Laikipia/Samburu, Serengeti/Mara/Tsavo Table 5.2 Cheetah Distribution and Population Status Area (km2) total protected Name Population estimate Laikipia/Samburu Serengeti/Mara/Tsavo (transboundary population with Tanzania) 47,390 98,616¶ 2,074 36,177¶ 450* 710†¶ Grand total: 146,006¶ 38,251¶ 1,160¶ (Source KWS, 2008) *Population sizes estimated from the size of the polygon using a conservative density of 1 adult per 100km2 ¶Estimate includes some land outside Kenya and some animals resident on the land, in trans-boundary populations. Table 5.3 Recent Selected cheetah surveys Area Type of survey Maasai Mara Ecosystem Ground count (capturerecapture) Spoor transects Tsavo ecosystem Population Estimate Year Source 30 2016 Broekhuis and Gopalaswamy 130 2014 Henschel et. al., (Source KWS, 2008) NB/These recent surveys do not represent the national Cheetah population status but it is expected that the 2018-2020 status report will have an updated status arising from the ongoing National carnivore survey. PAGE 126 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Figure 5.1 Cheetah Distribution range Legend interpretation for figure 5.1 above 1. Resident: cheetahs are known to be present 2. Possible: cheetahs likely to be present 3. Connection: cheetahs likely not to be resident, but may be transiting through occupied areas, or to re-colonise extirpated range. Such connections might take the form of ‘corridors’ of continuous habitat or ‘stepping stones’ of habitat fragments. 4. Unknown: status is currently unknown and cannot be inferred using knowledge of the local status of habitat and prey. 5. Extirpated: land where the species has been extirpated. This can be further divided into: 6. Out of historic: areas where cheetahs have never occurred 7. Recoverable: presently no cheetah but habitat favourable for cheetah habitation NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 127 5.3.2. African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus) The African Wild Dog is listed by IUCN as critically endangered and in the sixth schedule (WCMA, 2013) as endangered. The major threat is habitat fragmentation, increased interaction with human being leading to conflict and competition with other large carnivores. The African Wild Dog was widely distributed across Kenya in the past but currently occupy only 13% of their historical range. Despite this past decline, wild dog numbers have increased in recent years with the largest population being found in parts of Tsavo ecosystem, Samburu, Laikipia and Isiolo/Meru. Wild Dogs are also gradually increasing in number and re-colonizing the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem following a die-off in 1990. The table 5.4 gives the population while figure 5.2 shows distribution range of Wild Dogs in the country Table 5.4: African Wild Dog population estimate Location Population Estimate Number* Packs Ijara-Lamu (probably trans-boundary population with Somalia) 130 11 Isiolo 30 2 Kajiado-Loliondo (trans-boundary population with Tanzania) 100 8 Kora-Kitui 20 2 Machakos 220 20 Tsavo 100 12 Grand Total 845 57 KWS, 2009 Source *Number represents Adult individuals  PAGE 128 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Figure 5.2: Current distribution of African Wild Dog range (Source: KWS ,2015) NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 129 5.3.3. Status of Spotted Hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) The sixth Schedule of WCMA, 2013 lists the Spotted Hyaena as vulnerable while IUCN lists it as least concern with the global population being 27,000 to 47,000 individuals. Mills and Hofer (1998) estimated the number of spotted hyaenas in Kenya to be about 2,000-4,000. Threats include persecution by humans through conflict (poisoning, spearing and shooting), road kills, disease, habitat loss and fragmentation. Table 5.5 shows recent surveys undertaken while figure 5.3 shows the Spotted Hyaena distribution in Kenya. Table 5.5 Recent Spotted Hyaenas surveys Area Type of survey Meru National Park Call Back-Capture recapture Aberdares National Park Population Year estimate Source 98 2016 KWS Call Back-Capturerecapture 247 2015 Manchester Metropolitan University Lake Nakuru National Park Tsavo Ecosystem Informed Guess 30 2015 KWS Spoor Transects 3,914 2014 Henschel et al Amboseli Ecosystem Call Back-Capturerecapture 346 2014 KWS Naivasha Ranches Ground Count 62 2012 NWC (Source: KWS, 2015) Plate: 12 Spotted Hyaena PAGE 130 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Spun-dummieimaom i 2 mm a, mu-munn m. . I . a Figure 5.3. Spotted Hyaena distribution (Source KWS, 2015) NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 5.3.4. Status of Striped Hyaena (Hyena hyena) The IUCN red list classifies the species as near threatened while in the WCMA, 2013 sixth schedule, it is classified as endangered. The national population is estimated to be 1,000 individuals. (KWS, 2008). In 2014 a survey carried out by Henschel et al in Tsavo ecosystem using spoor transect gave a population estimate of 660; In 2016 a survey by KWS in Meru National Park using call back gave an estimate of 9 individuals. The National carnivore surveys of 2018-2019 will endeavour to establish the number and distribution of the species. Threats to this sub-species include persecution from humans, decreasing natural and domestic sources of carrion due to decline of population of other species, road kills along the Mombasa-Nairobi highway in Tsavo and along Isiolo- Marsabit highway; and retaliatory killings due to Human wildlife conflict. Figure 5.3. Spotted Hyaena distribution (Source KWS, 2015) PAGE 132 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Plate: 13 Striped Hyaena 5.3.5. Status of Lion (Panthera leo) Lions occur in a number of Kenya’s conservation areas. Large populations are found in the Masai Mara and the Tsavo ecosystems. In addition, there are sizeable populations in Laikipia/ Samburu, and Kajiado. Many Conservancies especially in the northern and Machakos area frequently report presence of lions. In the coastal region, lions are found in Boni Dodori National Reserves while cases of infrequent visits are still reported in Arabuko Sokoke forest Reserve. Lion presence has been reported in community areas of Gurar in Wajir and areas adjacent to Sibiloi National Park. Lion population surveys have been undertaken in some areas between 2012 and 2017 as shown in Table 5.6. Table 5.7 shows areas where lion population are known to exist but surveys to establish their status is as yet to be done. These areas will be covered under the National Carnivore surveys that end in 2019. It is important to note that several lion populations are held in captivity in several orphanages and educational facilities spread all over the country. The national population of lions is estimated at 1,970 individuals (KWS, 2008). Lion’s permanent range is estimated to be over 18 % (see figure 5.5) of the total area of the country. Table 5.6 Lion population surveys (2012 – 2017) County Estimate Year Source Tsavo East and West National Parks Taita Taveta/Kitui 700 2014 Living with lions and Panthera Masai Mara National Reserve and adjacent Conservancies Amboseli National Park and adjacent conservancies Olpejeta Conservancy Meru National Park Nairobi National Park Lewa and Borana Wildlife Conservancy Solio Conservancy Samburu and Shaba National Reserve Narok 420 2017 Kajiado 122 2017 Nyeri Meru Nairobi Meru/Laikipia 61 58 45 42 2017 2016 2017 2017 Laikipia Isiolo/Samburu 26 17 2012 2013 Nakuru Samburu Nakuru Kajiado 16 15 14 70 2017 2013 2017 2015 Conservation Area Lake Nakuru National Park Buffalo Springs National Reserve Soysambu Conservancy Shompole and Olkiramatian Lion guardians Olpejeta KWS KWS Lewa KWS report Ewaso lions annual report KWS NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 KWS Soralo PAGE 133 Table 5.7 Areas with unsurveyed lion population No Area Remarks 1. 2. Machakos Area Lamu 3. Marsabit 4. Garissa 5. Turkana & Nasolot 6. Kitui 7. 8. Taita ranches Other Parks 9. 10. Laikipia Ranches Samburu 11. 12. Narok Conservancies in Kajiado Machakos,Athi-Kapiti Plains Lamu,Tana River, Ijara, Hola, Baomo, Boni Dodori National Reserves, Kipini Marsabit National Park and Reserve, Moyale, Sibiloi National Park, Malka mari National park Garissa,Losai National Reserve, Losai,Rahole National Reserves, Bura, Arawale National Reserve South Turkana National Reserve/West Pokot, Lodwar and Kalokol areas ,Nasalot National Reserve North Kitui National Reserve(Mwingi National Reserves), Bisanadi National Reserve ,South Kitui National Reserve Taita ranches Aberdares National Park, Mt. Kenya National Park, Laikipia National Reserve Sengare Ranch conservancy, Oljogi Conservancy Maralal area,Shaba National Reserve, Baffalo springs National Reserve Loita forest Lions face a variety of threats that range from cultural practices, diseases, and retaliatory killing due to human wildlife conflict, prey base PAGE 134 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 depletion, loss and fragmentation of habitat. Figure 5.5 shows the lion range in Kenya sun.? ETHIOPIA - Legend map.? Lnon tango 0? up 1-1- Table 5.7 Areas with unsurveyed lion population NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 135 i 5.3.6. Status of Leopard (Panthera pardus) Leopards are widespread both inside and outside protected areas, the national status of leopards is unknown mainly due to their shy and nocturnal nature which makes them a difficult species to study. The species however like other carnivores faces a number of threats that are detrimental to its survival. Among these threats includes loss of habitat, livestock incursions into leopard range, land use change, poaching and illegal trade for their skins and bones in oriental markets thus listed in CITES Appendix I. Table 5.8 gives leopard population estimates, in certain locations of Kenya where surveys have been undertaken Table 5.8 Leopard surveys Conservation Area Meru National Park Tsavo ecosystem Nairobi National Park Borana Wildlife Conservancies Naivasha Ranches Survey Type Year Source Estimate Call back-Capturerecapture Spoor Transects 18 2016 KWS 489 2014 Camera Traps 8 2013 Ground Counts 6 - 12 2010 Henschel et al Yumi Yamane Report Ground Counts 15 2007 NWC (Source: KWS, 2015) PAGE 136 Population NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Table 5.9 Status of listed small carnivores in Kenya Common Name African golden cat Scientific Name Profelis aurata Listing Location • • IUCN-VU WCMA- - Jackson’s mongoose Bdeogale jacksoni • • IUCNWCMA- Spotted Necked/Throated Otter Lutra (hydrictis) maculicollis • • IUCNWCMA- Aberdares, Mt. Kenya&Mt. Elgon N.P Lake Victoria & it’s tributaries Population Status - DD but believed to be decreasing DecliningReedSmith et al 2010 Remarks The only member of the genus profelis Taxonomy under review by IUCN Forest loss due to logging Habitat degradation, polluted waterways, human animosity & poaching for meat, skins 2015) (Source: KWS, Other threats include infrastructure development, human activities including farming and urbanization, subsistence and commercial poaching, fragmentation of habitats, planting of exotic trees and invasive species. Small carnivores that burrow are the most affected. Presently the study of small carnivores in the country has centred on the caracal, jackals, aardwolf and serval cat. Plate: 14 African golden cat Plate: 16 Jackson’s mongoose Plate: 15 Spotted Necked/Throated Otter NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 137 5.4. Herbivores 5.4.1. Rhinoceros Three out of five sub-species of rhinos in the world are found in Kenya. The Black rhino – Diceros bicornis michaeli is native to the country while the Southern white rhino – Ceratotherium simum simum and the Northern white rhinoCeratotherium simum cottoni are exotic. In the 1970’s Kenya had a population of 20,000 black rhinos widely spread mainly in the protected areas. The upsurge of poaching in the 1970’s to mid the 1980’s decimated the population to a handful. In the late 1980’s the government made a deliberate effort to Conservation Area County consolidate the remaining rhinos by creating sanctuaries. Presently there are 10 black rhino sanctuaries in National Parks with two of the parks, Tsavo East and West having free ranging rhinos in Intensive Protection Zones (IPZ). Only one National Reserve- Masai Mara- is a rhino Reserve and 8 Conservancies have rhino sanctuaries. The Sobo Rhino Sanctuary in Tsavo East is the latest sanctuary to be established but is yet to receive any rhinos. The population and distribution of Rhino population in the country is given in Table 5.10. Sanctuary Year of establishment Black Rhino Southern White Northern White Current population Current population Current population Total current Parks Aberdare National Park Chyulu National Park Lake Nakuru National Park Meru National Park Nairobi National Park Ruma National Park Nyeri Historical range 6 - - 06 Makueni Historical range 7 - - 7 Nakuru 1984??? 69 14 - 83 Meru Historical, population decimated, re-established in 2004 Historical range 32 72 - 104 101 16 - 117 Historical, population decimated, re-established in 2011/2012 Historical range 22 15 - 37 15 - - 15 Taita Taveta Sanctuary construction completed in 2017 0 - - 0 Taita Taveta Historical, re-established in 2008 and 2010 20 - - 20 Taita Taveta Historical,1985 95 - - 95 367 117 - 484 56 - - 56 0 2 - 2 Historical 87 80 - 167 1990 0 2 - 2 Historical 59 28 - 87 Nairobi Homa Bay Tsavo East National ParkFree range Tsavo East National Park(Sobo) Tsavo West National ParkIPZ Tsavo West National Park (Ngulia) Taita Taveta Masai Mara National Reserves& Triangle Narok Reserves Il Ngwesi Laikipia community conservancy Lewa - Borana Meru/Isiol landscape o Ol Choro Narok NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 138 Oirouwa community conservancy Ol Jogi Laikipia Historical range Community Conservancies IPZ Tsavo West National Park (Ngulia) Conservation Area Masai Mara National Reserves& Triangle Aberdare Il Ngwesi National Park community Chyulu National conservancy LewaPark - Borana Lake Nakuru landscape National Park Ol Choro Meru National Oirouwa Park community conservancy Nairobi National Ol Jogi Park Ranch/Pyramid Ruma National Ol Pejeta Park Conservancy Sera Tsavo East Community National ParkConservancy Free range Solio Sanctuary Tsavo East National Park(Sobo) Nairobi TsavoSafari West Walk National ParkSheldrick IPZ Orphanage Tsavo West National Park (Ngulia) 95 - - 95 367 117 - 484 Black Rhino 56 Southern White - Northern White - Total current 56 Current population Current population Current population CommunityParks Conservancies Historical range 6 0 2- - 06 2 7 87 69 0 32 80 14 2 72 - 7 167 83 2 104 101 59 16 28 - 117 87 22 114 15 30 3- 37 147 Laikipia 12 Taita 15 Taveta Laikipia Historical 49 Taita Sanctuary construction 0 Sub-Total 321 Taveta completed in 2017 Educational & Orphanages 0 - 0 - 12 15 250 392 0 3 299 0 716 20 1- -- 1 20 1 95 1 1 - 1 95 2 745 367 510 117 3 - 484 1,258 56 - - 56 0 2 - 2 Taita Taveta Historical,1985 County Sanctuary YearReserves of establishment Historical range Narok Nyeri Laikipia Makueni Meru/Isiol Nakuru o Narok Meru Nairobi Laikipia Homa Bay Laikipia Historical range Historical 1984??? 1990 Historical, population decimated, re-established in 2004 Historical range Historical Historical, population in Historical, supplemented decimated, 2006 re-established in 2011/2012 Historical, re-established in 2016 Historical range Nairobi Part re-established of National Park Taita Historical, in 2008 Taveta and 2010 Nairobi Part of National Park Taita Historical,1985 TavetaSub-Total Sub-Total NATIONAL TOTAL Reserves Masai Mara National Reserves& Triangle Narok Il Ngwesi community conservancy Lewa - Borana landscape Ol Choro Oirouwa community conservancy Ol Jogi Ranch/Pyramid Laikipia Historical range Community Conservancies Meru/Isiol o Narok Historical 87 80 - 167 1990 0 2 - 2 Laikipia Historical 59 28 - 87 Figure 5.6 Distribution of Rhinos by Areas of conservation (Source KWS, 2017) NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 139 Both the White and Black Rhino have shown a positive trend in their population growth (see figure 5.7). This can be attributed to a number of factors among them: a) the creation of specific rhino sanctuaries, b) Heightened security against poaching, c) strict control of diseases, d) Tsetse management and control e) collaboration with other stakeholders especially conservancies in creating rhino sanctuaries, f) development and implementation of a National Rhino strategy g) Financial support from government and other donor agencies in rhino conservation, h) creation of National awareness in matters of Rhino conservation. Threats facing rhinos in Kenya include: poaching (Mugie had rhinos trans-located due to security), diseases, loss of habitat, diminishing gene pool, lack of enough areas to create more sanctuaries, large lucrative international markets for rhino horn. Figure 5.7 National Population trends of Black & Southern White Rhino 2007 -2017 (Source KWS, 2017) 5.4.2. Status of Northern White Rhino The 3 (1 male and 2 females) Northern White Rhino hosted at Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Nyeri County. These are the only remaining living individuals globally. The Northern White Rhino Steering Committee in collaboration with international experts is assessing the best way forward (both in-situ & Ex-situ) to save this great sub species from extinction. 5.4.3. Status of Elephant (Loxodonta Africana) In the early 1970’s Kenya’s elephant population was estimated at 167,000 dropping to 16,000 by 1989. In the 1970’s alone Kenya lost more than a half of its elephant population. Elephant hunting was made illegal in 1973. By 1980s there were 73,000 individuals. 90 % of the Kenyan elephant are found in the rangelands. IUCN data indicates that the elephant range in Kenya is 110,972km2 which translates to 19% of the total land area in Kenya. Figure 5.8 shows the elephant range in the1990s & 2016. Figure 5.9 shows the distribution of elephants in Kenya. PAGE 140 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Figure 5.8. Elephant range areas (The areas circled in red indicate ranges that are no longer being utilized by elephants.) NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 141 Ethiopia Kenya Nasalot- Turkana El) Marsabit 9 a a" .3 Laikipia- Samburu Rimoi-? SomaHa Kamnarok . QQMeru Masai Mara Mwea 0 . . . Nairobi Lamu . Sh I Tanzania ompoe Elephants . Tsavo 1 Amboseli 10 100 Indian Ocean . 1.000 Survey areas Mombasa International border 650? 0 so 100 200 Kilometers Figure 5.9 Elephant Distribution in Kenya PAGE 142 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Table 5.11. Summary of elephant population status by end of 2014, with updated Information from recent census undertaken in certain areas Elephant areas Survey type Year 1. Aberdare Ecosystem Dung count 2017 Estimate 2015/17 3,939 2. Marsabit Ecosystem Aerial total Count 2017 181 3. Masai Mara Ecosystem Aerial total Count 2017 2,493 4. Meru Conservation Area Aerial total Count 2017 674 5. Mwea National Reserve Aerial total Count 2017 125 6. Samburu-Laikipia Ecosystem Aerial total Count 2017 7,166 7. Shimba Hills Ecosystem Aerial total Count 2017 35 8. Tsavo Conservation Area Aerial total Count 2017 12,843 9. Mau Forest Complex Dung count 2016 652 10. Mt Kenya National Park & Forest Reserve 11. Lamu Ecosystem Dung count 2016 2,579 Aerial total Count 2015 60 12. Nasalot, S. Turkana, RimoiKamnarok National Reserves 13. Amboseli-Magadi ecosystem Aerial total Count 2015 662 Aerial total Count 2014 1,766 14. Arabuko Sokoke Forest Dung count 2002 184 15. Mt Elgon National Park & Forest 16. Boni & Dodori National Reserves Informed guess 2002 139 Dung count 2000 50 Sub-Total Grand Total 31,409 Estimate 2000-14 2,139 33,548* NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 143 5.4.4. Status of Giraffes There are four distinct species of giraffe three of which are founddistributed in 27 of the 47 counties of Kenya. The Masai giraffe (Giraffacamelopardalis tippelskirchi) is distributed from Nairobi National Park southwards through the Athi Kapiti plains and towards the Amboseli Maara ecosystem. Other areas with Masai giraffe include the Tsavo ecosystem. The Reticulated giraffe (G. c. reticulata) is found in the ASAL parts of northern Kenya spreading from the northern part of Tsavo East National Park towards the Kenyan, Ethiopia Somali border. The Rothschild’s giraffe (G. c. rothschildi) is spread in small enclaves spread in the country including Ruma National Park (highest population) and Lake Nakuru PAGE 144 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 National Park. Nairobi Giraffe centre which was established in 1979 as a giraffe rescue centre has to date released over 500 giraffes into the wild including Soisambu, Kigio, Sergoit (Eldoret) and Mwea National Reserves. Table 5.12 gives the status while figure 5.10 show the habitat extends of the 3 subspecies of giraffes in Kenya. Threats facing giraffes include loss of suitable habitat due to agricultural expansion into their former habitats; logging of acacia trees for charcoal burning firewood and building (rampant in Kitui South National Reserve, Tsavo National Park & Masai Mara area); poaching; predation of calves by carnivals; and diseases (anthrax). Table 5.12 Status of Giraffes in Kenya NUMBER SOURCE YEAR Remarks MASAI GIRAFFE Tsavo Amboseli 4,068 3,470 KWS KWS 2017 2013 Namanga and Magadi Masai Mara 1,577 KWS 2013 2,607 KWS 2017 Population is stable & increasing 112 KWS 2017 Population stable & increasing 47 KWS 2016 Population decreasing due to shrinking habitat 303 KWS 2005 529 NWC 2017 Population decreasing due to shrinking habitat 4 KWS 2017 Population decreasing(Introduced population) 176 KWS 2016 • 8 KWS/NRT 2017 In 1983 27 trans-located from Soi ranch in Eldoret • Population stable & increasing In 2012 8 trans-located to Ruko 155 2017 Population stable 34 Soysamb u Kigio 74 KWS 2017 25 KWS 2017 2 KWS 2017 5 KWS 2017 Nairobi National Park Maanzoni-Malinda and Mwalimu Ranches Athi-Kapiti and Machakos Ranches Naivasha-Nakuru Shimba Hills TOTAL 12,717 ROTHSCHILD’SGIRAFFE Ruma National Park Ruko Community Conservancy Soysambu Wildlife Conservancy Kigio Wildlife Conservancy Lake Nakuru National Park Mwea National Reserve Mt. Elgon National Park Rimoi National Reserve Giraffe Centre TOTAL 10 Population is stable Population is stable 2017 Population stable In 2007 7 were trans-located from ADC farm 2017 489 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 145 Table 5.13. Selected Counts of reticulated-giraffe sub-populations in Kenya Year Area Mandera County Marsabit Ecosystem Wajir (Gurar) Laikipia - Samburu Meru conservation area Nyeri (Aberdare Country Club) Garissa (South) Lamu(including Boni Dodori) Total Source 2011 2015 2017 Number 130 Number 3,797 30 342 4,019 876 4,356 1,974 15,524* Ogutu et al 2016 KWS aerial count Ogutu et al 2016 KWS aerial count KWS aerial count KWS Ogutu et al 2016 GEC aerial count In 2011 DRSRS recorded, a reticulated giraffe population of 6988 in their Garissa County transect Fig 5.10 Giraffe Range Map PAGE 146 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 5.4.5. Status of Hirola(Beatragus hunteri) The four eyed Hirola is the mostrare antelope and is listed as critically endangered. Its distribution range is found between the eastern boundary of Kenya and south west boundary of Somali. Presently its population is found within its native range and restricted communal lands of Bura, Galmagala, Ijara, Garissa, Masalani, Gedilun of Garissa County and parts of Tana River, and Tsavo East National Park. The current estimated population of Hirola is less than 500 individuals. In the 1980’s rinderpest killed about 85 -90% of the existing 15,000 hirola together with other wildlife species. Despite the disease being eradicated unlike other previously affected species, the Hirola population has never recovered. The threats facing the Hirola include diseases; poaching of elephants which open up wooden vegetation to grassland vegetation; bushfires; competition for pasture between livestock and wildlife; drought; predation by carnivores especially of mother and calves which isolate themselves from the herd immediately after calving. Table 5.14 gives the population distribution of Hirola in Kenya during this reporting period. Presently conservation efforts are being hampered by insecurity in the Hirola range. The only Hirola sanctuary is the Ishaqbini sanctuary in Ijaara sub-county. Table 5.14 Distribution of Hirola in Kenya Area Tsavo East Population Estimate 60-70 Ishaqbini sanctuary 90 Sangailou(Garissa) 60 Bura 50 Gababba(Garissa/Tan a delta) Ijara – east of Masalani Ishaqbini (outside the sanctuary) 40 Bodhei (Garissa/Lamu) Total population estimate 30 60 - 80 30 Method aerial and ground counts aerial and ground counts scout based estimate scout based estimate scout based estimate scout based estimate aerial reconnaissance aerial reconnaissance Population status Source Stagnant/decli ning Increasing KWS Declining HCP Declining HCP Declining HCP Declining HCP Stagnant/decli ning NRT Declining NRT NRT 420-450 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 147 5.4.6. Status of Roan Antelope (Hippotragus equinus) The Roan antelope Hippotragus equinus is the third largest bovid in Africa after the Africa buffalo and Eland. It was once widely distributed through the savannah woodlands of east, central, southern and western Africa. But during the last 40 years the population has declined rapidly throughout much of its range. Listed by the IUCN as LC the WCMA, 2013, lists it as CE. Like in the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania the Roan is now extinct in the Mara. The Roan population in Ruma National Park has declined from over 200 in the mid 1970’s to the present population (survey 2016) of 17 individuals (adult males 2 females 2, unsexed 12 juvenile 1). The viable population for the Roan is 50 individuals preferably in two herds. The 37 Roan trans-located from Ithanga sanctuary in 1970 to Shimba Hills National Reserve became extinct by 1985 for unclear reasons. The threats facing this species include encroachment, subsistence poaching, snaring, fire, loss of habitat, decreasing gene pool, highway on the northern part of Ruma National Park. The species is known to face carnivores and this has proved in many occasions to be detrimental to the species. Figure 5.11 shows the location of Roan Antelope in Ruma National Park. Figure 5.11 Roan antelope distribution in Ruma National Park PAGE 148 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 5.4.7. Staus Sitatunga Antelope The Semi aquatic Sitatunga is mainly distributed along the shores of Lake Victoria and the associated wetlands of its main tributaries the Nzoia and Yala rivers. The recently gazetted Kanyaboli National Reserves besides being a bird sanctuary is also the second Sitatunga sanctuary after Saiwa. Other notable areas with Sitatunga include Ndere National Park, Kitale Nature Conservancy, and KingwalSwamp in Nandi, Lewa Wildlife Conservancy, Bunyala swamps and Yala swamp. The national population in 2008 gave a population of 256 individuals as shown in table 5.15. The population estimate needs to be updated since the existing habitats are facing severe threats that include a) Loss of wetlands especially due to agricultural development (Dominion farms, Bunyala rice irrigation scheme), b) harvesting of wetland resources e.g. Brick basket making, mats and roofing materials, c) Water abstraction for agriculture, commercial, industrial and domestic use d) poaching especially for subsistence consumption, e) burning of papyrus reeds which constitutes sitatungas habitat. Table 5.15. Population status of Sitatunga (2008) Area Saiwa swamp Lewa Kingwal /Kimondo Kibabet tea estate ) Kesses dam Boits farm ( Marula swamp) Kisumu impala Total Population Estimate 39 8 125 20 50 8 6 256* Plate: 18 Sitatunga NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 149 5.4.8. Sable Antelope(Hippotragus niger roosevelti) The Sable antelope (plate7) which is listed by IUCN as LC but CR under WCMA 2013 is endemic to Shimba Hills National Reserve in Kenya. The population has declined from approximately 265 individuals in 1960 to about 34 individuals in 2012 (KWS aerial census report, 2012) and 41 individuals in 2017 (KWS aerial census report, 2017). Presently they occur in two herds in the Park. The viable population for the Sable is 50 individuals preferably in two herds. Threats faced by the species include predation by leopards and hyenas, fire, decreasing gene pool, poaching, snares, habitat degradation (a sizable area of the Reserve is under exotic forest plantation). The impact of tsetse fly in the Park, on wildlife is yet to be established. Sightings of Sable antelopes within Shimba Hills National Reserve are given in Figure 5.12. Plate: 19 Sable Antelope Figure 5.12. Sable sighting in Shimba Hills National Reserve PAGE 150 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 5.4.9. Status of Eastern Mountain Bongo(Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci) The shy and reclusive Eastern MountainBongo is the largest of the forest antelopes and is listed by WCMA 2013 as E and as CE by IUCN. It is endemic to the Aberdares, Mount Kenya, the Mau and Cheranganis, with a few individuals left in the Eburu, West Mau and Londiani forests. The present population is estimated to be 96 individuals with the highest population being in Aberdares National Park (50). The viable breeding population for the Eastern Mountain Bongo is placed at 250 (Donald Bunge). A programme to reintroduce the species was undertaken in Mt. Kenya conservancy where 18 individuals from Northern American zoos were introduced in 2004. Sixty one Eastern Mountain Bongos are held in captivity in USA in a breeding programme. In 2015, 18 calves were born at Mt. Kenya conservancy. The species in the last 50 years has been facing a myriad of threats including unrestricted hunting, poaching, loss of habitat, decreasing gene pool, fires, predators, illegal logging and diseases. The population of the species is highly susceptible to rinderpest as was seen in 1890’s and 1990’s. Table 5.16 gives Camera traps and Visual sighting in selected Eastern Mountain Bongo areas while Figure 5.13 shows the current Eastern Mountain Bongo range in Kenya. Plate: 20 Eastern Mountain Bongo Table 5.16 Results of Camera traps and Visual sighting in selected Eastern Mountain Bongo areas 2015-2017 Area Population estimate The Aberdare National Park ( BSP estimate is based on Honi population, no presence registered for 2+ years N. Aberdare - Kanjwiri and 5+ years S. Aberdare) Mt. Kenya National Park and Reserve (Ragati) – based on Camera Traps and visual forest information collected Eburu – based on trap photographs and visual forest information collected SW Mau Forest Reserve. Based on trap photographs and visual forest information collected. Masai Mau. Based on Trap photographs and visual forest information collected. Total population 40- 50 Monitoring Results 6 • • Up to 39 potential. 15+ calves observed. However, take into consideration concerns for Kanjwiri group (4) not seen in 2 years. S. Aberdare BSP accessibility issues. (Helicopter utilised in 2008 surveillance) 4 female individuals photographed 6 • individuals 6- 9 • 6-9 25 • Up to 18 on camera trap and 7 visual 96 77 • • NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 151 Robinson Projection 000 Roam tom Mann. 1982 Figure 5.13. Current Eastern Mountain Bongo range in Kenya PAGE 152 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 5.4.10. Status of Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi) The species is listed as endangered by both the WCMA, 2013 and IUCN. Historically, the species was also found in Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia and with reported sighting in Sudan. Numbers of Grevy’s zebra have declined from an estimated 15,000 individuals in the late 1970’s to 2,350 individuals presently. This translates to an 85% decline in the number of Grevy’s Zebra over a period of about 30 years. Kenya has an enormous national and global responsibility to ensure that this species is conserved for posterity. It is estimated that 95% of the current population of Grevy’s zebras is found in Kenya. Of these 90% are found in conservancies. Plate: 21 Grevy›s zebra Figure 5.14. Grevy›s zebra historical and current range distribution NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 153 Table 5.17 Population status of Grevy›s Zebra in Kenya # Area Population Estimate (2016) Remarks 1. Isiolo 268 Mainly in the conservancies 2. Samburu 429 Mainly in the conservancies 3. 4. Marsabit Laikipia 75 1,206 Mainly in the conservancies Mainly in the conservancies 5. Meru 6. 7. 8 Meru National Park. Population is declining from the initially introduced 20. Only 1 birth has ever been recorded. Oserian 6 Introduced population Others 34 Wamba ,Tsavo, Gurar,South Horr 5.4.11. Status of Common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) The species is listed as Vulnerable by both IUCN and the sixth schedule (WCMA, 2013). Global estimate of Hippos numbers by IUCN in 2016 was between 116,000 to 130,000 individuals. In Kenya the species is found in most fresh water lacustrine and palustrine wetlands including L.Victoria, Lake Turkana, L.Naivasha, L. Baringo, L.Kenyatta, Tana and Athi- Sabaki Rivers, MaraRiver, Kuja River, Yala Swamp, Lorian Swamp, Mzima Spring amongst others. Hippos are also found in manmade wetlands such as the Masinga, Kiambere, Kamburu dams and Ruai sewerage ponds. IUCN estimates Kenya population to be 6,500 individuals. Major threats include habitat degradation, illegal and unregulated subsistence poaching and trophy, over abstraction of water and Plate: 22 Lelwel Hartbeest PAGE 154 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 diversion, and water pollution. Habitat loss and degradation has resulted to conflict with agricultural development and farming. 5.4.12. Status of Lelwel Hartebeest(Alclephus buselaphus) It is one of the eight (Cokes, Western, Red, Lichtenstein, Swayne, Northern, Tora) subspecies of the hartebeest and is classified as endangered by both the IUCN and the sixth schedule (WCMA). Globally the population has declined from 285,000 in the 1980s to less than 70,000 in 2017(IUCN). In Kenya it is found in Laikipia, Naivasha (Kongoni Island), Ruma N.P and Masai Mara. Threats facing the Lelwel Hartebeest include habitat loss in its rangeland caused by human encroachment especially due to agricultural development; subsistencepoaching. The population status of the Lelwel Hartbeest is yet to be established. 5.4.13. Status of Soemmerring’s gazelle (Gazella soemmerringii) IUCN and WCMA lists’ theSoemmerring’s gazelle species as vulnerable. The species distribution is the Ogaden area and other lowlands of Eastern Ethiopia. It occasionally ventured as far south of Ogaden to extreme north east Kenya. No sightings have been reported in Kenya since 1999.The major factors of the drastic decline in population are attributed to the great drought in the Ogaden area and rampant over grazing. Other exacerbating factors werehunting and habitat destruction. Plate: 23 Soemmerring’s gazelle 5.4.14. Status of Lesser Kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) The species is listed as vulnerablein WCMA, 2013 and as threatened by IUCN. The species has a wide range but is basically a wooded grassland species. It is found in many of the protected areas including conservancies in Laikipia, Mara, Kajiado and Taita. Notable populations are found in the Tsavos, Marsabit, Meru conservation area (Meru andKora National Park, Bisanadi and North Kitui National Reserves), Bogoria, Samburu, Lamu, Tana River and Garissa.Threats to the species include predation, encroachment, and habitat conversion, subsistence poaching and high susceptibility to rinderpest. Population status is yet to be established but presently believed to be stable especially in the protected areas. Plate: 24 Lesser Kudu NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 155 5.4.15. Status of Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) Schedule six lists the species as vulnerable and least concern by IUCN. The last global estimate done by East, 1999 estimated a total population of about 482,000 individuals. There are 4 sub-species of strepsiceros. Two of these are found in Kenya. In the north Samburu, Marsabit, Laikipia, Bogoria and Meru is the Tragelaphus strepsiceroschora while in the south Tsavo and Mara is the Tragelaphus Plate: 25 Greater Kudu PAGE 156 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 strepsicerosstrepsiceros. Presently there are some populations in Meru, Samburu, and Garissa and in a few conservancies in Laikipia. According to DRSRS census, in the 1970’s the National population of the species was 272, in the 1980’s 400, in the 1990’s 704 while in the early 2000’s there were 762 individuals. The population in Tsavo is likely to be extinct. Threats facing the species include loss of habitat; deforestation and subsistencepoaching. Its population status in the country is unknown but believed to be declining drastically. 5.4.16. Status of Giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) The Giant forest hog is native to montane wooded habitat but do not tolarate low humidity. Their range resembles exactly the one for the Eastern Mountain Bongo. They occur in Aberdare National Park, Mt.Kenya National Park & Reserve, Kakamega Forest and possibly in the Mau Forest. The status of this species is presently unknown.Threats facing the species include poaching, loss of habitat due to illegal logging. Plate: 26 Giant Forest Hog 5.4.17. Status of Tana Crested Mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus) This critically endangered(WCMA,2013) endemic long tailed monkey is a primate species in the family Cercopithecidae. IUCN lists the species as endangered.The species is restricted to about 30 patches of forests along the lower Tana with an EOO of 60km from Nkanjonja to Hewani. The present population is estimated to be about 1000 individuals in 1 subpopulation. The species is listed under appendix I of CITIES and class A of the African Convention on the Conseervation of Nature And Natural Resources. about 60% of the population lives in the Tana river Primate Research while the rest is found in adjacent forests and on trust and government land. The species is threatened by deforestation, burnning of grassland which slows forest regeneration, livestock incussions into forests and damming of the Tana river upstream which affect the water table and thus the forest. They are predated on by African Crowned Eagle, Martial Eagle and Nile Crocodile. The species is also persecuted due to raiding of Crop Destruction. The court oder in 2007 to degazette the Reserve further agrivated the conservation status of the species. Plate: 27 Tana Crested Mangabey NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 157 5.4.18. Status of Red Colubus Monkey(Piliocolobus rufomitratus) Due to its small EOO (50km2) and the increasingly smaller isolated AOO has resulted in the species being listest as endangered by IUCN and critically endangered by WCMA,2013. Presently the species occurs in some clear localized area which are facing rapid destruction. The area runs from Kipende on the lower Tana riverto Mitipani where the Tana flood plains begins. This area has about 30 patches of fragmented forests which surpport the species. The population presently is estimated to be about 1000 individuals divided into about 80 to 90 groups. The species is threatened by deforestation, burnning of grassland which slows forest regeneration, livestock incussions into forests and damming of the Tana river upstream which affect the water table and thus the forest. Poaching for meat and skin on a local basis is equally a threat to the species. The proposed Tana intergrated sugar project that will occupy about 200km2 is likely to be a serious threat to the existence of this species. Plate: 28 Red Colubus Monkey 5.4.19.Status of Eastern Tree Hyrax (Dendrohydrax validus) This species belong to the familiy procavidae and is listed as of near threatenedby IUCN. It is found in the Aberdare range,Mau forest and Mt. Kenya regions. The species are found in fig trees and riverine forest in Mt.Kenya while Plate: 29 Eastern Tree Hyrax PAGE 158 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 in Abaderes they occupy the mid-montane and riverine forest. The main threat facing the species include forest loss, degradation and fragmentation as well as hunting for meat and skins.Although it occurs in a number of Reserves much of its habitatremains unprotected.Their status is presently unknown. 5.5. Other Listed Species 5.5.1. Status of Shrews There are more than 330 species of shrews found all over the world.These are mole-like mammals in the order of eulipotyphia. They are animalvorous ie they eat small live prey mostly inverterbrates although some prey on small verterbrates.Shrews need to consume 200 – 300 % of their body weight in food every day in oder to survive. There are 38 species 10 of which are listed as being endangered. Table 5.18 Status of listed Shrews in Kenya s/n o 1. Common Name Scientific Name Listing IUCN WCM A E E Table 5.18 gives the status of the 10 listed (schedule 6 of WCMA, 2013) shrew species in Kenya. Most of the shrews have a relatively low extent of occurance (EOO) which basically is montane and lowland forest. Their areas of occurance (AOO) are equally highly specialised and therefore limited within very specific range. Any slight interferance in their ranges constitutes a threat to their existence. Some of these threats include habitat loss and change,encroachment,destruction of their ground nests, logging, pollution,farming and introduction of invasive species. Location Populatio n Status Remarks Boni forest, Arabuko sokoke, Dakatcha 20,000 Last estimate done by clare de fits debon 1994 arabuko forest Golden ramped elephant shrew Rhynchocyon chrysopygus 2. Black & rufous elephant shrew/the black and rufous sengi or zanj elephant shrew Rhynehocyon petersi LC V Arabuko sokoke, Gede forest DD It is ranked 46th out of 5000 mammal species based on the ZSL scoring system for the world’s mammals based on their evolutionary distinctiveness (ED weighted by global endangerment (EDGE) 3. Aberdare shrew\Aberd are mole shrew Surdisorex norae LC V East side of the Aberdare mountain rangepde (kerbis peterhans et al 2009) DD Lives in the high tropical high altitude bamboo and grassland. 4. Mt.Kenya shrew Surdisorex polilus LC V Mt.Kenya DD Habitat Tropical high altitude bamboo & grassland 5. Elgon shrew Crocidura elgonius LC V Mt. Elgon DD Habitat – sub tropical or tropical moist montane forest 6. Fischer’s shrew Crocidura fischeri DD V Kajiado nguruman DD Extent yet to be established due to taxonomic issues surrounding its relationship with Voi shrew yet to be resolve 7. High land shrew Crocidura allex LC V Mt.Kenya, Aberdare ranges, Mau forest, Nanyuki DD Dakatcha woodlands facing severe encroachment Threatened by climate change Threatened by agricultural expansion in other parts of its PAGE 159 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 range.AOO under severe pressure 4. Mt.Kenya shrew Surdisorex polilus LC V Mt.Kenya DD Habitat Tropical high altitude bamboo & grassland 5. Elgon shrew Crocidura elgonius LC V Mt. Elgon DD Habitat – sub tropical or tropical moist montane forest 6. Fischer’s shrew Crocidura fischeri DD V Kajiado nguruman DD Extent yet to be established due to taxonomic issues surrounding its relationship with Voi shrew yet to be resolve 7. High land shrew Crocidura allex LC V Mt.Kenya, Aberdare ranges, Mau forest, Nanyuki DD Threatened by agricultural expansion in other parts of its range.AOO under severe pressure 8. Rombo Shrew Crocidura monax LC V Mt. Elgon DD Additional studies are needed into the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, general ecology and threats to this little-known specie 9. Smokey white toothed shrew Crocidura fumosa LC V Mt.Kenya & Aberdare range DD Threatened by habitat loss 10. Vermiculate shrew Crocidura xantippe LC V Tsavo National Park. DD Population outside protected areas being threatened by decreasing AOO Plate: 30 Black & rufous elephant shrew Plate: 31 Golden ramped elephant shrew 5.5.2. Status of Listed Bats (Chiroptera) nocturnal mammals and that combine sight (bats are not blind) with echolocation for movement in search of food and avoidance of hindrances and predators. About one quarter of all mammals found in the country are bats. Kenya has about 110 bat species divided into 10 families. Kenyan bats are distributed throughout the country and inhabit virtually all types of physical and natural geographical and environments states. The largest aggregations of bats in the country are found in coral caves along the coast. One such cave in Kilifi County supports millions of bats with about 6 different species. Bats are PAGE 160 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Threats to Bats basically by human activities thyat include- disturbances of their roosts, environmental pollution, persecution (cultural beliefs), and fragmentation. The evolution of wind farms for power generation in the last decade is now prooving to be a major factor in bat mortality. The table 5.19 below gives the status of the listed bats in the country. Table 5.19 status of the listed bats in the country # Common name Scientific name Location Listing Population Trend Threats 1. Percival”s short eared Trident bat Thomas 1901 Cleotis percervali Isolated population on coast of Kenya IUCNLC WCMAVU Unknown Roost disturbance 2. East African little Collared Fruit Bat, Bergmans 1980 Myonycteris relicta Narrowly distributed in SE Kenya IUCNLC WCMAVU Decreasing Habitat loss through logging, harvesting of firewood and conversion of land to agriculture 3. Hildegarde’s tomb bat taphozous hildergadeae Distributed along the Coast of South east Kenya from lower Tana River Southwards. IUCNVU WCMAVU Last population done in 1988 yielded 1500 individuals in 3 caves Loss of forest habitats and disturbance of caves on which the species depends 4. Macinnes mousetailed bat Hayman, 1937 Rhinopoma macinnesii Northern Kenya but endemic to East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda; Somali) IUCNDD WCMAVU Unknown Habitat loss but this needs confirmation 5. Hamilton’s tomb bat Taphozous hamiltonii Western shores of Lake Turkana IUCNDD WCMAVU unknown Threats facing this species are unknown. It could be declining due to habitat loss through agriculture, but the data to confirm this is lacking 6. Kenyan big eared freetailed bat Tadarida lobata Maungu Hills &North west of Kenya IUCNDD WCMAVU unknown There appear to be no identifiable threats to this species (IUCN) 7. Large-eared free-tailed bat (matschie 1897) Otomops martiensseni Lava tubes in Chyulu Hills, Tsavos and Suswa IUCNNT WCMAVU Decreasing Disturbance of their cave habitat. Threats to these caves include blocking of entrances, recreational caving and unregulated tourism activities NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 161 5.5.3. Status of Rodents Presenttly kenya has 194 rodents which are divided into 11 families. Anomolures 1, 3 Mole rats , Hamstes Voles, Lemings and Allies 1; domice 3, Porcupine 3;Rats & Mice 63, Nesomyds 6, Spring hare 1,Squrrels 10,MoleRats 1 and Cane Rats 2 Table 5.20 gives the status of the listed rodents in Kenya. Table 5.19 status of the listed bats in the country s/no 1. Common Name Hopkin’s groovetoothed swamp rat Scientific Name Pelomys hopkinsi Listing IUCN WCMA DD VU Location Population Status Lake Victoria Unknown Remarks • • • Endemic to L.Victoria basin Change in land useespecially to agricultural use and therefore treating the species as a pest Loss of papyrus swamp(It’s Habitat) 2. Audacious mole rat(Abeda res mountain mole rat) Tachyoryct es audax LC VU Abedar es, Mt.Keny a Unknown • • Endemic to Kenya Since most of its habitat is in protected areas , its population seems to be stable 3. Lesser hamsterrat(long tailed pouched rat) Beamys hindei LC VU Arabuko sokoke, Gede Unknown • Threatened Habitat (tropical & subtropical lowland forest) – mainly due to agricultural and associated practices captured as pets illegal trade Dwarf multimam mate mouse Mastomys pernanus 4. • • DD VU Kajiado, Narok Unknown • • • 5. Springhare Pedetes capensis LC VU Unknown • • 6. Red bush squirrel(Th e red bellied coast squirrel) Paraxerus palliatus PAGE 162 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 LC VU Arabuko forest,G ede Taita hills Unknown • Its habitat is tropical &subtropical grassland savannas & grasslands mainly lost to wheat farming & rapid urbanization Its area EOO has greatly been affected by change in land use especially farming\ Its AOO is now restricted to small fragmented natural grassland areas with minimal livestock incursion. Hunted for food and clothing No recent sightings have been reported Deforestation and degradation of original coastal forest habitat is a major threat 5.5.4. Status of Montane/Kenyan Dancing Jewel (Platycypha amboniensis) This is the only listed insect species and is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN and WCMA, 2013. The species belongs to the African Damselfly and in the family chlorocyphidae which has about 10 species. The species is endemic to the montane forest streams of the Aberdares and Mt.Kenya and only found between 1600 and 2000M above sea level. The species is critically in danger of extinction due to severe habitat loss and degradation. The forest under which its EOO is defined has been cleared leaving only fragmented pockets (AOO) where it presently occurs. The continued illegal logging, charcoal burning and clear cutting has further aggravated the survival of the species. Plate: 32 Montane Dancing Jewel 5.5.5. Status of Fish There are 355 fish species recorded in the country as fresh water fishes but currently only 332 species are confirmed present, 15 species are recorded as possibly present while 8 are extipated. Presently 25 fresh water fish species are listed as endemic.Kenyan lakes and rives are home to a variety of fishes some which show endemism and some which though wide spread and due to a variety of reasons are now listed as threatened.Table 5.21 gives the status of the 11 listed fish species in Kenya. NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 163 Table 5.21 Listed Fish Species in Kenya Common Name 1 Singidia tilapia (local name – mwekundu) Scientific Name Oreochromis esculentus Protection classification IUCN-CR WCMA-CR Location/ Remarks Established into lake Jipe in 1976 and is now the dominant species Status 2015-2017 Population declining Threats • • • • • • • 2 3 4 5 Rainbow Sheller Ptyochromis sp nov IUCN- Lake Victoria deep water catfish Xenoclaris eupogon IUCN Lake Chala Tilapia Oreochromis hunteri Lake Jipe tilapia Oreochromis jipe WCMA-CR WCMA-CR IUCN WCMA-CR IUCN WCMA-CR Endemic to lake Victoria Population declining Threats unknown Endemic to Lake Victoria Possibly extinct (no recorded landing) • • Endemic to Lake Chala(extent of occurrenc e < 2Km2) on the eastern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro Population declining • Endemic to lake Jipe Population declining On Kenyan side of the lake the lake falls within Tsavo West National PAGE 164 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Heavy fishing pressure unregulated fishing marked reduction of diatoms from phytoplankton’s at the expense of “unpalatable” cyanobacteria massive typha species infestation of the spawning and nursery grounds increased siltation due to agricultural and cattle grazing practice in the area clearance of water-laden woodlands for agriculture and for fuel wood pollution from domestic and agricultural effluents • • • • • • • predation by Nile Perch increased eutrophication of the lake overfishing Weed infestation- increased surface plankton whose decomposition depletes oxygen Siltation and erosion Lake is strongly stratified and thus little mixing and only the top 20m depth (epilimnion) supports life Competition for habitat with the more dominant oreochromis esculentus High level Siltation Weed-typha domingensis, cyperus papyrus and phragmites mauritianusinfestation Overfishing especially by nets park and is thus protected 6 Victoria Tilapia Oreochromis variabilis IUCN- CE Lake Victoria & it’s tributaries Restricted toa few small satellite lakes 7 8 10 Magadi Tilapia Alcolapia alcalicus Victoria stonebasher Kyoga flameback Marcusensius victoriae Xystichromis nuchisquamul atus IUCN-LC WCMA-EN IUCN-CR WCMA-EN Population declining Estimated EOO <100km2 Lake Magadi (lakes Natron and Manyara in Tanzania) Population declining Yala swamp, Lake Kanyaboli, Lake Victoria and mouths of rives entering lake Victoria,Ma ra river Population declining but deemed to be stable Species endemic to lake Victoria Population declining • Increasing salinity due to reduction in lake levels • Over fishing using illegal methods& gear Competition for habitat & food with exotic species(introduced Nile Tilapia) Predation by introduced Nile Perch • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 Ewaso nyiro labeo Labeo percivali IUCN-VU WCMA-EN Only in the northern part of Ewaso nyiro river Population status is unknown • Overexploitation due to use of small meshed nets, beach seines in particular and intensive fishing efforts Decrease in water levels Sedimentation is a major problem Predation by Nile Perch Water turbidity and siltation as a consequence of erosion and farming expansion Regression of wetlands due to farming and human settlements Irrigation Eutrophication Loss of riverine migratory routes Illegal fishing methods Presence in Kenya is not documented Likelihood of hybridization due to decrease in water transparency Predation by Nile perch Likely to be affected by change in water quality and quantity NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 165 5.5.5.1. Status of Plain Northobranch (Nothobranchius bojiensis) This endemic species to Kenya belongs to the family Aplocheilidae and is found in the northern Ewaso ngiro drainage in the seasonal waters of Boji plains near Merti. It is listed both by the IUCN and WCMA 2013 as vulnerable. It’s EOO and AOO is very restricted. There is very scanty information on its population status and threats to this species 5.5.5.2. Status of Elongate nothobranch (Nothobranchious elongatus) This species of the Aplocheilidae family inhabits temporary pools of water along the Mombasa Kaloleni road. It is only found between 170200M ASAL and thus has a very restricted EOO and AOO. It habitat is intermittent freshwater marshes- ephemeral ponds. It is listed by both the IUCN and WCMA-2013 as Vulnerable. The species usually dies as the ponds dry but the eggs survive and hatch during the next wet season. Its lifespan is thus very short and rarely exceeds 6 months. It reaches maturity in about 20 days. Plate: 33 Elongate Nothobranch 5.5.6. Status Of Listed Toads And Frogs Researchers have expressed concern over the rapid decline of frog populations in Kenya and Africa in general, citing disease (chytrid funguswhich has been documented to be responsible for the demise of frogs in other countries) and destruction of natural habitats(fires & land conversion) which have been cited as major threats to their existance.The situation has been further compouded by the lack of information on the species. Data from IUCN shows 1,800 species of amphipians across the world face extinction. Presently Kenya has 20 amphipian PAGE 166 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 species listed as endemic.Human activities such as logging and agricultural expansion , climate change and alien species invasion have been blamed for the declinning frog population in Kenya.Poor waste management leading to pollution of water bodies ,which constitutes home to amphipians , has also contributed to this decline. Construction of hydro-electric power is a majot threat to migratory frog and toad species. Most of these species have a narrow EOO and thus are easily affected by any anthropogeneous interfearance. Table 5.21 Listed Fish Species in Kenya # 1. 2. Common Name Scientific Name Protection classification Du toit”s Torrent Frog (kenya rocky river frog) Peptropedetes dutoiti/ arthroleptides dutoiti IUCN- Nairobi Toad Bufo Nairobiensis IUCN- WCMA- CR WCMA-VU Location/ Remarks Status 2015-2017 Endemic to Kenyan side of mount Elgon in the upper rocky montane streams DD Highlands around Nairobi, Mt.Kenya,Kinagop plateau • • Taxonomic status as yet to be resolved to differentiate with M.Tandy& M.mocquardi Population status unknown Threats • • Last recorded in 1962 Suspected cause was chytridiomycosis • unknown 3. Silvery tree Toad (triad tree frog) Leptopelis argenteus IUCN-LC Coast of Kenya- but in savanna woodland areas with many trees and bushes DD • Pet trade (though not very pronounced) 4. Taita Toad Bufo taitanus/ mertensophryne taitana IUCN- LC Sandy areas of woodlands, grasslands or open savanna of south eastern Kenya DD • Loss of habitat due to land conversion 5. Mount Kenya frog Phrynobatrachus irangi IUCN-EN Irangi forest in Meru Decreasing (Drewes et al 2004) • Habitat loss and change Kimande- on the slopes of Aberdares Not sited during this reporting period in Kimand 6. Montane tree frog Hyperolius cystocandicans IUCN-NT Endemic to Kenyan highlands- KimandeMuranga; Nyambene hills; Chogoria- Mt. Kenya; Kiambu, Tigoni, Kikuyu, Limuru; Kinangop plateau; nyandarua and thompsons falls; Aberdares National Park Decreasing • • • • Livestock grazing in forests Illegal logging Reclamation of wetlands Agrochemicals are suspected to affect the species 7. Shimba hills banana frog Afrixalus slyvaticus IUCN- EN Forests of South East Kenya- Shimba Hills National Reserve decreasing • Hybridization with Afrixalus stuhlmanni Maintenance of its habitat in the unprotected lowland forests is critical for its survival • Recorded in Tana River 8. Shimba hills reeds frog Hyperolius rubrovermiculate s IUCN-EN Shimba Hills National Reserve Decreasing outside Shimba Hills National Reserves Buda Forest • • Gongoni Forest 9. 10. Yellow spotted Tree Frog Leptopelis flavomaculatus Turkana Toad Amietophrynus turkanae/ sclerophrys turkana/bufo turkanae IUCN-LC Arabuko sokoke • DD • • • IUCN-DD Endemic to Kenya Loiyangalani DD • Change in habitat quality and extent especially out of the reserve EOO is only 426Km2 Chytrid fungus is a likely threat (Kielgast et al 2010) Agricultural extension to its habitat Logging Increasing human settlement Infrastructure development & settlements, Climate change, Water abstraction Ewaso Ngiro River in samburu NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 167 11. 12. Delicate spiny reed frog / Pickersgill”s banana frog Afrixalus delicatus Painted reed frog/ marbled Reed Frog Hyperolius marmoratus IUCN-LC IUCN-LC Coastal parts of the country Naikara near Narok, transmara,Voi sagala hills,Kajiado In urban areas is found in isolated well vegetated water hazards and stagnant seepages • • • 13. Long reed frog Hyperolius nasutus IUCN-LC Nakuru, Chemilil, Mpeketoni 13 subspecies They live in hundreds or thousands of individuals Due to different color of individuals there is unresolved issue and confusion on taxonomy • • • • Sugar cane farming near Ramisi Spread of eucalyptus which dry up wetland habitats Habitat loss through drainage of wetlands and afforestation Establishment of exotic eucalyptus plantation which lower the water table thus drying pans DD • It occurs widely in areas of limited human impact. Lamu, Tana River delta, Diani ,Msambweni& Shimoni 14. Spotted reed frog Hyperolius puncticulatus IUCN-EN Southern Coastal parts of the country(shimoni) DD • Habitat loss- decline in dry forest, moist forest &bush land 15. Water lily reed frog Hyperolius pusillus IUCN-LC Found in diverse environments especially in southern Kenya and far west of Kenya towards Uganda DD • Declining habitats especially open savannah bush land and grassland Plate: 34 Turkana Toad PAGE 168 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Plate: 35 Shimba hills reeds frog 5.5.7. Status of Lizards (Skinks, Chameleons & Geckos) There are 99 species of lizards in Kenya(Stephen Spawsand Damaris Rotich) which are divided into 8 families thus; Gekkonidae 33species, Agamidae 7, Chamaeleonidae 17, Scincidae 22, Lacertidae 12, Cordiydae 5, Varanidae 2 and Amphisbaenidae 1. The table 5.23 gives the status of the listed Lizard species in Kenya. Table 5.23 Listed Lizard Species Common name Scientific name Location Population Listing Threats Remarks Tropical geckos Hemidactyla us modestus Ngatana along the Tana River, and from the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (Kilifi District) and Ukunda (Kwale District) (Spawls et al. 2002). DD DD VU Infrastructure development • • Baobarb gecko Hemidactyla us platycephalu s Northern and eastern Kenya and Coast where there are large tree localities Gede, Kora,Malindi,Mandera,Mo yale,Taita & Wajir DD DD VU Habitat destruction Keel belied lizard Gastropholis parasina Watamu, Arabuko-Sokoke Forest,Diani,Malindi DD NT VU Expanding human populations along the fertile East African coast, and associated agricultural development. Writhing skink Lygosoma tanae Wide spread in Kenya’s woodland, Savannah & semi desert(Eliye springs,Mandera,Mumias, Nairobi,Nyambene hills , Sokoke forest,Tambach & Wajir habitat confirmed to < 2000m DD DD VU Land use conversion/cha nge and infrastructural development IUCN WCM A Endemic to Kenya Common name wrongly referred to as tropical gecko instead of Tana river gecko NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 169 Girdled lizard Dry forests in Kilifi DD DD DD (Dwarf Sungaza) Cordylus tropidosternu m Those that are arboreal are affected by deforestation while those which are rupicolous are affected by blasting of rocks Savannah monitor lizard Varanus albigularis Baringo, Bura, Diani, Garissa, Isiolo,Kainuk,Kakuma, Kibwezi, Kwale, Lamu, Lodwar, Lake Magadi, Malindi ,Mombasa, Mutito Andei, Ngulia, Sankuri, Voi, Wajir & Watamu DD DD VU Hunted for leather ,meat& international pet trade Common name should start with white throated Savannah monitor Njoro, Nyahururu subukia, athi river, Gilgil, Kedong, Laikipia, Nairobi, Lake nakuru, Ngong hills. DD No known tangible threats Five former subspecies of this chameleon have now been elevated to full species. Gede,Kitui, Kwale,Machakos,Makindu ,Mombasa,Namanga,Sult an Hamud, Voi, Kakamega Kisumu Largely distributed Cherangani hills,Kakamega,Kapsabet, Kitale, North Nandi forest and saiwa swamp DD Side stripped chameleon Flap necked chameleon Chamaeleo bitaeniatus Chamaeleo dilepis DD Traded under appendix II of CITES LC VU Chamaeleo ellioti High Casqued Chamelion Chamaeleo Hohnelii /Von hohnel’s Aberdares, cherangani hills mt,Elgon kaptagat, kijabe, Kipkabus,Limuru, eastern mau, Muranga,Nairobi, Naivasha, Nyeri and north kinagop Largely distributed LC Jackson chamelion Chamaeleo jacksoni Mid altitude forests and woodland of highlands of Kenya ; Chogoria.Chuka, Embu.,Meru,Muranga,Nair obi and Sagana, Aberdares Np, Mt.Kenya National Park DD Mt.Kenya chamelion/Kenya side stripped chamelion Chamaeleo schubotzi Native to Kenya Stable Black and Red Skink(Red-flanked skink) Lygosoma fernandi Central African forest species recently recorded in Kakamega DD VU Savanna and woodland of most of SE Kenya including coast alt <1500M Habitat degradation & alteration (but species still thrives in open and disturbed areas) Traded under appendix II of CITES VU Species is resilient to anthropogenic impacts Highland of central and western Kenya. In bush grassland .Alt >1500 LC VU Un regulated harvesting from the wild Is the 9th most heavily traded chameleon species in the world with virtually all exports from Kenya being farmed. NT VU Natural Fire to its habitat Endemic to Kenya from high moorlands of Mt. Kenya of Alt>3000M Mt.Kenya(Mt.Kenya National Park) NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Collected for international pet trade Is the 3rd most heavily exported chameleon species in the world Elliots chameleone(Mont ane Side-striped Chameleon) PAGE 170 VU Wide spread in northern and eastern Kenya and coast. Usually found below 1500m altitude. DD VU Last record 2011 Kenya exported 635 individuals 5.5.8. Status Of Listed Snakes Presently 171 snake species divided into 4 families have been recorded in Kenya Table 5.23 Listed Lizard Species Common Name Scientific Name Listing Status Location Remarks Lamu worm snake/ Manda Flesh-pink Blind Snake Leptotyphlops boulengeri DD Data deficient Manda Island, Lamu Island Gunther’s Centipedeeater (cape centipede-eater) Aparallactus capensis IUCN-LC Common/Stabl e Coastal bushland ,Montane grassland & moist Savannah areas No major threats to the species East Africa egg eating snake Dasypeltis medici IUCN-LC Population stable Lamu Island Species is mostly found in protected areas and thus stable in population Large Brown spitting cobra/ Ashe’s spitting cobra Naja ashei IUCN-EN Northern and Eastern Kenya Threatened by human activities Black-necked spitting cobra Naja nigricollis IUCN-EN Coastal Kenya • • It’s a terrestrial snake found mainly in savannahs and semi arid regions. In some regions, it will be found in coastal scrubs Speckled bush snake/ spotted green snake Philothamunus punctatus/ ahaetulla kirkii IUCN-EN Arabuko Sokoke forest edges Puff Adder Bitis arietans IUCN-EN • Green Mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps IUCN-EN Kibwezi, Chyulu Hills, Taveta among other places Kenya Sand Boa Eryx colubrinus/Gon IUCN-LC, Northern Kenya in (semi-arid gylophis colubrinus CITESAppendix II desert regions) Gaboon Viper Bitis gabonica IUCN-EN Habitat is rainforest & woodlands adjacent to rain forest. Kakamega Forest • • Harvested for its venom Illegal trade Rock Python Python sabae Not listed by IUCN Wide spread in rocky and marsh areas with adequate prey. • Threats include reduction prey base Its hunted for its meat & skin Persecution Collection for pets & trade Destruction & degradation of its habitat especially by quarrying Widespread all types of savannah and semi-desert; Nairobi, Tsavo, Coastal Kenya, Kajiado, Meru • • • • CITES Appendix II Mt. Kenya bush viper Atherts desaixi Not listed by IUCN CITES Appendix II It’s mainly arboreal but also inhabit bamboo thickets, mango groves and coastal shrub land • Diurnal • Extremely venomous Over-collection for pet trade • EOO 2- Igembe & Chuka Chuka Forest, South eastern Mt.Kenya & Igembe in the Northern Nyambene range • • • Threats include Habitat loss& degradation through Illegal collection, overgrazing, fuel wood collection, logging & Agriculture Restricted range (EOO) Limited reproduction potential NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 171 5.5.9. Status of Listed Tortoises and Terapins 5.5.9.1.Crevice (Pancake) Tortoise (Malacochersus Tornieri) This is a small soft shelled dorso- ventrally flattened species that basically inhabits crevices in rocks. Only a small percentage of this species lives in protected areas. About 95% of the species population is found outside the protected areas. It is distributed in two distinctpopulation thus; Southern and Northern sub-population. The southern sub-population covers the county of Tharaka and Kitui while the Northern sub-population covers the counties of Marsabit, Samburu and Isiolo. Its population status is as yet to be established. Shifting cultivation and illegal trade are the major threats to its survival. Other threats include Quarrying and encroachment. Plate: 36 Broadleyi Mud Turtle PAGE 172 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 5.5.9.2. Yellow-Bellied Hinged Terrapin (Pelusios castanoides) This semi-aquatic species is found in rivers,swamps and marshes.IUCN redlist classifies the speciea as of least concern while in the WCMA,2013 it is classified as vulnerable. By 2002 total population estimation by IUCN was 100 adults distributed in 6 isolated populations. The species lost 80% of its range through drainnage in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s. It is deemed that the population is still decreasing.Threats facing this species are habitat loss and deterioration caused by the drainnage, reclamation pollution(rubbish dumping,sewerage and/or pestiside run off) and marsh I nvasion by water lettuce. 5.5.9.3. Turkana/BroadleyiMud Turtle (Pelusios broadleyi) This species is also reffered to as the lake Turkana hinged terrapin and is a species of turtle in the pelomedusidae family. The turtle is endemic to lake Turkana and is only confrimed to be present on the Kenya part of the lake. The status of this species is presently unknown. 5.5.10. Status of Listed Trees in Kenya Kenya has 356 plant species listed in appendix VI out of which 23 are critically endagered,83 endagered, 169 vulnerable and 81 are near Table 5.25 Listed tree species in Kenya # Common Name 1. Voi Cycad Scientific name Encephalatos kisambo Population IUCN-EN threatened. 112 of the threatened species are endemic to Kenya. Taita hills have over 86% of the threatened species. Table 5.25 gives the status of tree species listed under WCMA, 2013. Status Location Remarks decreasing Maungu Hills, Mulilonyi, Nyangala, sagala, Rukinga and Kasigau hills • • • 2. East African sandalwood Osyris lanceolata IUCN-Not evaluated but locally endangered Samburu, Pokot, Baringo and other parts of the North Rift • 3. Red stinkwood Prunus africana IUCN- VU Kakamega forest, Mt. Elgon, Mt. Kenya, other highlands of Kenya • 4. Meru Oak Vitex kiniensis IUCN- VU Endemic to Kenya Imenti Forest Nyeri (Plantation) Mt. Elgon Londiani Nandi Hills Kakamega Forest • decreasing • 5. Camphor Ocoten kenyensis IUCN- VU • 6. Parasol tree Polyscias kikuensis IUCN- VU • 7. Rat aloe Aloe ballyi IUCN-EN WCMA-VU Native to Kenya and Tanzania • 8. Tana River poplar Populous ilicifolia IUCN-VU Tana, Athi and Uaso-Nyiro river • Habitat loss- due to charcoal burning Clearance of land for agriculture EOO and AOO are within threshold for endangered listing overexploitation food, medicine and source of wood, and for essential oil which is used in making perfume Harvesting of its bark for medicinal uses loss of Forest habitat due to agricultural expansion illegal logging Over-exploitation for wood habitat loss NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 173 5.5.11. Status of Listed Birds Kenya has one of the richest avifauna diversities in Africa, with around 1,105 bird species recorded. Of these, 800 species are year-round residents, 60 species are afro-tropical migrants moving within the continent and 170 are Palearctic migrants that journey from Eurasia each winter. The major migratory flyways in Kenya include the 550km long coastline with its associated creeks, reefs and beaches, and the chain of lakes stretching along the Rift Valley from Turkana in the north to Magadi in the south. Some 170 Palearctic migrant bird species migrate south to Kenya from Eurasia during the northern hemisphere’s winter. Eleven of these species have local breeding populations that are year-round residents. By 2017 the listed (Endangered, Vulnerable, rare, Indeterminate, out of danger or insufficiently known) number of threatened bird species in Kenya by IUCN was 43. 5.5.11.1. Avian Biomes in Kenya There are six avian biomes (Table 5.26) in Kenya (Fishpool and Evans 2001), all with characteristic bird species. The Somali Masai biome is the most widespread and has the most representative species, (Bennun and Njoroge 1999). The Guinea-Congo Forest biome, though only represented in Kenya by the Kakamega rain Forest is represented by 43 species in Kenya. The Sudan and Guinea savannah is marginal in Kenya, being at its extreme eastern limit. Most species in this biome are not found elsewhere in the country apart, from Kongelai Escarpment and its environs. Table 5.26 Avian biomes in Kenya and the total number of bird species unique for each avian biome Biome Somali-Masai Biome Afro-tropical Highlands Biome Guinea-Congo Forest Biome East African Coast Biome Lake Victoria Basin Biome Sudan and Guinea Savannah Biome Location Number of species present in Kenya Kenyan ASAL Mt. Kenya, Aberdares, Mt.Elgon Kakamega forest Kenyan Coastal forests Lake Victoria Basin Machakos Athi Kapiti 92 67 43 30 9 13 (Source:Bennun and Njoroge 1999) 5.5.11.2. Endemic birds of Kenya Seven bird species have been identified as being endemic to Kenya. These birds are spread in Four globally recognized Endemic Bird Areas (EBA’sas identified by Stattersfieldet al 1998. Of these EBAs, the Jubba and Shabeelle valleys in North eastern Kenya is marginally represented with the bigger portion lying outside the Kenya boundary. EBAs are defined as places where two or more bird species with a world distribution of less than 50 000 km2 occur together. Kenya has two globally recognized secondary areas of importance - Kakamega and Nandi forests, and the northern Kenya short-grass plains. 5.5.11.3. Terrestrial Birds Table 5.27 gives the status of the listed endangered bird species found in Kenya. PAGE 174 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 The 7 endemic bird species include; Williams Lark (Mirafra williamsi), Sharpe’s Longclaw (Macronyx sharpie), Hinde’s Babbler (Turdoides hindei), Taita thrush (Turdus helleri), Taita Apalis (Apalis fuscigularis), Aberdare Cisticola (Cisticola aberdare), Clarke‘s Weaver (Ploceus golandi), Jackson’s Francolin (Francolinus jacksoni). Presently these areas are facing severe anthropogenic pressure resulting to these birds habitats being threatened and thus their population facing a decline.The sixth schedule lists 98 endangered listed bird species that are found in Kenya. Some of this species are migrants. Table 5.27 Status of listed endangered bird species NO. 1. Listed bird specieswildlife Act 2013 Taita Apalis(Apalis fuscigularis) Site (Location) Taita hills Protection status of site (Location) Level of protection of site Population Estimates Listing 2015-2017 2013 Act IUCN Red List None Very low DD CR CR Challenges/ Threats Land use change Other remarks • • • 2. Taita Thrush (Turdus helleri) None Very low DD CR CR Land use change • 3. Saker falcon (Falco cherrug) None Very low DD EN EN Degradation of dry grasslands due to agriculture • • 4. 5. None Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) Sokoke Scops-owl (Otus ireneae) Arabuko Sokoke Forest reserve Very low Medium DD DD EN EN EN EN Dakatcha woodland forest Endemic Action plan for conservation species 20152020 in place About 210-400 individuals exist Palearctic migrant 12800-30800 worldwide Also recorded in Mara Amboseli & Tsavo 13000-41000 worldwide • • • • lead poisoning Direct poisoning electrocution reduced food availability & habitat destruction • • Habitat degradation especially removal of Brachylaena tree where it nests Persecution Intensive clearance of woodlands for agriculture Available data 1996 1500 Intensive logging pressure Also found in Diani Forest. • 6. Spotted Groundthrush (Geokichla guttata) Medium DD EN EN • 7. Amani Sunbird (Hedydipna pallidigaster) Medium 5 pairs ( Mulwa, et.al. 2017) EN VU -Destruction of Brachystegia woodland 8. Sokoke Pipit (Anthus sokokensis) Medium 9 pairs , (Mulwa, et.al., 2017) EN EN -Habitat loss and degradation (Destruction of Dakatcha Woodland through tree felling for timber and fuelwood, as well as agriculture (pineapple farming) • 5500 Individuals remain in Arabuko Sokoke (Otieno et.al, 2014) -Intensive charcoal production -Fragmented habitat -Degradation of its western Palearctic breeding grounds 9. Aberdare Cisticola (Cisticola aberdare) Aberdare forest Mau-Narok Forest reserve, IBA Medium DD EN VU Tussock grasslands/mountain grasslands facing rapid fragmentation due to cultivation and livestock production Forest reserve Medium DD EN EN Tussock grasslands/mountain grasslands facing rapid fragmentation due to cultivation livestock production and Molo 10. Sharpe’s Longclaw (Macronyx sharpie) Aberdare forest Mau-Narok Molo 2000 (D. Kimani, 2009) Mooreland fires 11. Turner’s Eremomela (Eremomela turneri) Kakamega Forest Forest Reserve Medium DD EN EN -Forest fragmentation -Charcoal burning Dakatcha woodlands Also found in Nandi South Forest -Encroachment -over grazing -Commercial logging especially of Croton megalocarpus 12. Clarke’s Weaver (Ploceus golandi) Forest Medium 51 (Mulwa, et.al, 2017- EN Globa lly -Clearance of woodland (especially brachylaena tree) NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 -Also occurring in Arabuko Sokoke PAGE 175 Reserve 13. Forest Reserve Lappet-faced Vulture (Torgos tracheliotos) in Arabuko Sokoke) Medium DD VU Threat ened for agriculture is the main threat and Dakactha Forest (first noticed in 2014) VU -Poisoning (direct, indirect and secondary poisoning)of the sub-population -8000 in Africa -About 500 in the Middle East -Persecution -Habitat alteration 14. Forest Reserve White-backed vulture (Gyps africanus) Medium DD VU CR -Habitat loss -conversion of habitats to agro pastoral system -decline in ungulate population 52% decline in population in 15 years (M. Virani in litt. 2006, Virani et al. 2011) -hunting for trade -poisoning (by carbofuran) 15. Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) Nairobi National Park National Park Highest DD VU VU -Habitat loss -persistent persecution -there is strong evidence of hybridization between this species and the Lesser spotted eagle Aquila pomorina (Bergagmanis; Lohmus and Vali, 2001;Dombrovski, 2002; Vali, et al, 2010) -Europe has a breeding population of about 1,100 breeding pairs 16. Eastern Imperial Eagle(Aquila heliacal) DD VU VU 17. White-winged Apalis (Apalis chariessa) DD VU VU 18. Blue Swallow (Hirundo atrocaerulea) Highest DD VU Medium DD VU Ruma National Park National Park -Habitat loss and degradation -adult mortality through persecution -collision with power lines -nest robbing -prey depletion Encroachment for agriculture and unsustainable tree-felling for poles and others uses in Tana River forests -It’s a migratory bird VU -Destruction and degradation of its grassland and wetland habitat on both its breeding and nonbreeding grounds -Its intra African migratory species with its Northern most range being Ruma National Park -Also found in Kakamega forest LC • IBA 19. 20. Hinde’s Pied Babbler (Turdoindes hindei) Mt. Kenya, Nyambene and Meru IBA Abbott’s Starling (Poeoptera femoralis) Aberdare IBA National park Forest reserve PAGE 176 Mt. Kenya • • NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Highest DD VU VU • • • Increasing human population Intensive farming Fragmented habitats Forest loss and habitat degradation of nesting sites Illegal logging Agricultural encroachment (land use change) -Possibly extinct in Kenya last seen in the Lower Tana in 1961 -Presently recorded in Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique -1600-6000-Globally 21. Olive ibis (Bostrychia olivacea) 22. Chapin’s Flycatcher (Fraseria lendu) 23. IBA National park Forest reserve Highest DD Prote cted LC -decline of range size -Fluctuation of habitat extent and quality -Severe fragmentation Commonly known as the African Green Ibis Kakamega forest IBA Medium DD VU VU -Clearance of forests for agriculture and timber -Forest fires -Land fragmentation Global population estimated at 2,5009,999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records, descriptions (IUCN) Ring-necked Francolin (Francolinus streptophorus) Kakamega Forest,Aberdar es,Mt.Kenya IBA Medium DD NT NT -Reasons for decline not known but habitat modification is likely a factor Approx 6000-15,000 mature individuals exist globally 24. Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus) Tsavo, Mau Narok/Molo grassland National Park Highest DD NT NT -loss and degradation of natural nest sites. Sighted also at Elementaita and East of L. Victoria 25. Sooty Falcon (Falco concolor) Mau, Narok/Molo grassland Variable Variable DD NT VU -Pressure in wintering grounds -Pressure on its migration in Africa -Increased pesticides use (bioaccumulation) -It’s a Palearctic migrant -Global population 30000 -Likely not be in the country 26. Taita Falcon (Falco fasciinucha) Taita Hills IBA Medium DD NT VU -Competition for food and nesting sites with the bigger peregrine falcon -Spraying of pesticides through operations to control quelea and locust 1000 mature individuals 27. Ruppell’s Vulture (Gyps rueppellii) Nairobi.Kajiado , Masai Mara, Variable Variable DD NT CR Habitat loss -Bioaccumulation(by carbofuran) -persecution -Collision (bird strikes) -Decline in ungulates -Hunting for trade Sighted in L.kwenia 28. Ostrich (Struthio camelus) Widespread (Nearly all protected areas, and game farms) High in some areas, in some areas low Variable Not quantified population Prote cted LC -Fluctuating range size -decline in habitat extent and quality -severe fragmentation -poaching of eggs 30% decline over 10 years but estimated to have over 10,000 mature individuals (Birdlife International) 29. Secretary bird (Sagitarrius serpentarius) Wide spread Variable Variable DD Prote cted White headed vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis) Lowland Tana and Sabaki river areas, Variable Variable DD Prote cted VU 30. (Samburu, ) Masai Mara, Samburu • Habitat degradation • Disturbance • Hunting • Capture for trade -Reduction on availability of suitable food sources -Loss of habitat due to the spread of urban and agricultural development -poisoning through baits set for other carnivores such as jackals and hyenas -Targeted poisoning of vultures -Introduction of the antiinflammatory drug (diclofenac) which is fatal to all vultures -Persecution Global population 10500-18000 individuals in total 31. Ayres’s Hawk Eagle (Aquila ayresii) Mau Narok/Molo grassland, Arabuko Sokoke, Marsabit IBA Medium DD Prote cted LC -Pesticides especially DDT through the food chain -Development of wind farms in Kenya -Electrocution -Habitat loss/fragmentation and destruction Global population estimates 670-6700 mature individuals 32. Martial eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus) Nairobi National Park Masai Mara Samburu, Tsavo, Kongelai escarpment, Meru Variable Variable DD Protet ed VU -Incidental poisoning -Habitat loss -Reduction in available prey, pollution and collisions with NWCS power lines.REPORT 2015-2017 20 breeding pairs in the entire Masai Mara ecosystem, with at lleast 6 pairs PAGE utilizing Mara177 Triangle (Hatfield, S., 2017) Sokoke, Marsabit -Electrocution -Habitat loss/fragmentation and destruction 32. Martial eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus) Nairobi National Park Masai Mara Samburu, Tsavo, Kongelai escarpment, Meru Variable Variable DD Protet ed VU -Incidental poisoning -Habitat loss -Reduction in available prey, pollution and collisions with power lines. 20 breeding pairs in the entire Masai Mara ecosystem, with at lleast 6 pairs utilizing Mara Triangle (Hatfield, S., 2017) 33. Crowned Eagle (Stepanoaetus coronus) Kakamega forest Gatamaiyu forest Mt. Kenya Arabuko Sokoke Forest Variable Variable DD Prote cted NT Global population estimated to be between 4000050000 mature individuals 34. Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus) Manguo Ponds, Masai Mara, Mau Narok, L. Naivasha, L. Nakuru, L. Victoria, Kakamega Forest, Samburu, Kinangop plateau, L. Baringo Variable Variable DD NT NT 35. Denham’s Bustard (Neotis denhami) Masai Mara National Reserve Medium DD NT VU 36. Striped Flufftail (Sarothrura affinis) Mt. Kenya, Aberdares, Mt. Elgon IBA Medium DD Prote cted LC -Deforestation, collisions with anthropogenic structures and electrocution on utility networks (S. McPherson in litt. 2016, B. Reeves in litt. 2016), - Competition with humans for prey species, Direct persecution and Human disturbance (Ferguson-Lees and Christie 2001, Hockey et al. 2005, Thomsett 2011, McPherson 2015) -Human disturbance and conflict (McPherson et al. 2016b). Destruction and degradation of 2grasslands through conversion to arable agriculture Burning of vegetation Intensive grazing of wet pastures Intensive grazing of wet pastures and the clearance of shrubs and tall weeds ( Poisoning from pesticides and other toxic chemicals -Hunting -Conversion of grasslands for agricultural uses -Collision with power lines -Accidental poisoning by pesticides -Loss of its grassland habitat through overgrazing, afforestation and too frequent burning (Birdlife International) 37. Karamoja Apalis(Apalis karamojae) Masai Mara National Reserve Medium DD VU VU -Destruction of Acacia habitats 38. Cape Eagle–Owl (Bubo capensis) Mt. Kenya, Eburu forest IBA Medium DD Prote cted LC -Persecution 39. Red Chested Owlet (Glaucidium tephronotum) Kakamega Forest, Mau Forest IBA Medium DD Prote cted LC -fluctuating range size, habitat extent and quality - severe fragmentation 40. Black-rumped Buttonquail (Turnix hottentotus) Nyanza Swift (Apus niansae) DD Prote cted LC -Habitat destruction DD Prote cted LC Habitat destruction 41. PAGE 178 L. Nakuru, L. Naivasha, L. Victoria, Masai Mara, Hell’s Gate, Eburu forest, L. Nakuru, Mau Narok/Molo grassland Variable NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Variable Terrestrial and fresh water 5000-50000 mature individuals globally -Also found in Nairobi 42. Forest WoodHoopoe (Rhinopomastus castaneiceps ) Kakamega Forest, L. Nakuru IBA Medium DD Prote cted LC Habitat destruction 43. Violet WoodHoopoe (Phoeniculus damarensis) Tsavo, L. Nakuru National Park IBA Medium DD Prote cted LC Habitat change 44. Taita Fiscal (Lanius dorsalis) Masai Mara Samburu, Meru, Tsavo East and West National Parks Variable Variable DD Prote cted LC Habitat destruction 45. Piapiac (Ptilosto mus afer) Widespread None None DD Prote cted LC Habitat destruction Also referred to as Forest Scimitarbill • • • • 46. Thekla Lark (Galerida theklae) Dida Galgalu desert, Marsabit IBA None DD Prote cted LC 47. Southern Hyliota (Hyliota australis) Kakamega Forest Variable Variable DD Prote cted LC 48. Pale-breasted Illadopsis (Illadopsis rufipennis) Red-billed Oxpecker (Buphagus erythrorynchus) Tsavo, Athi Plains Taita Hills Variable Variable DD Prote cted LC Habitat destruction Marsabit,Lake Nakuru National park, Lake Baringo Variable Variable DD Prote cted LC Habitat destruction Yellow-billed Oxpecker (Buphagus africanus) Lake Nakuru National park, Masai Mara, Lake Baringo Variable Variable DD Prote LC Habitat destruction 51. Tsavo Sunbird (Cinnyris tsavoensis) Tsavo IBA Medium DD Prote cted LC Habitat destruction 52. Kenya Rufous Sparrow (Passer rufocinctus) Lake Naivasha, Nairobi National Park Variable Variable DD Prote cted LC Habitat destruction 53. White-Winged Collared-dove (Streptopelia reichenowi) NE Kenya DD NT NT Destruction of its riverine woodland habitats owing conversion to agriculture and for fuelwood 54. Grey Parrot (Lophopsittacus bensoni) It inhabited the forests – southern part of Kakamega forest DD NT EX Species population greatly declining due to 49. 50. 55. Fischer’s Turaco (Tauraco fischeri) Boni forest, Shimba Hills National Park Habitat loss due to agricultural intensification -Increased predation EOO 20,000Km2 Habitat destruction Population seem to be stable Is a member of the crow family Global population size is 23,300,00037,900,000 mature individuals (IUCN) cted - Hunting for trade. IBA Medium DD NT NT -Trapping for cage bird trade -Habitat degradation by clearance of coastal forests for firewood, charcoal production, timber extraction and agriculture NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Sighted in December 2017 bird census. Population estimated at 1,5007,000 mature individuals PAGE 179 56. European Roller (Coracias garrulous) Nairobi National Park, Ol pejeta Conservancy, Masai mara, Tsavo, Lake Naivasha, Mt. Kenya Variable Variable DD NT LC -Persecution during migration -Shooting for food -Loss of suitable breeding habitat from changing agricultural practices The species is a migrant from Europe Global population is estimated at 188,000-395,000 mature individuals or 282,000-593,000 individuals (IUCN) 57. Grey-crested Helmet-shrike (Prionops poliolophus) Lake Nakuru National Park, Masai Mara National Park, Lake Naivasha, Longonot, Menengai Crater Variable Variable DD NT NT Habitat degradation resulting from increased livestock production and cultivation The species is scarce and believed to experiencing a rapid population decline 58. East Coast Akalat (Sheppardia gunning) ArabukoSokoke Forest, Shimba Hills IBA Medium ArabukoSokoke forest has an estimate of 7,500 pairs or 15,000 mature individuals NT NT Extraction of timber and deadwood in coastal forests by man, and elephant damage in Shimba Hills Global population is estimated at 15,00029,999 individuals DD NT LC Habitat degradation mostly by destruction Quercus and other riparian forests DD NT NT Destruction and fragmentation of montane grassland mostly for agriculture DD T LC -Burning of grassland areas and grazing 59. Semi-collared Flycatcher (Ficedula semitorquata) Mt Kenya, Kakamega Forest , Masai Mara IBA 60. Jackson’s Widowbird (Euplectes jacksoni) Mau NarokMolo grasslands IBA Malindi Pipit (Anthus melindae) Tana Delta, Boni-Dodori 61. Medium -Others include clearance of forests for agriculture Eldoret,Nandi east Laikipia, Mt Kenya, Aberdares, Loita Nguruman Hills IBA Medium -Demand for arable land thus diminishing water resources 62. Southern Banded Snake-Eagle (Circaetus fasciolatus) Tana Delta IBA Medium DD NT NT -Degradation and fragmentation of coastal forests The global population size is estimated at 58,000350,000 mature individuals (Birdlife Int) It’s is found in both terrestrial and aquatic environments -Population by 1990 was 22,000 mature individuals -Charcoal burning -encroachment due to cultivation 63. 64. Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) Found throughout the country Yellow flycatcher Along R.Tana (Erythrocercus holochlorus) Arabuko Sokoke forest PAGE 180 N/A NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 N/a Stable population LC Lc Habitat loss and degradation due to agricultural intensification • • Summer migrant to Kenya Native non breeding Plo?re: 37To1i?ro Thrush Plo?re: 38 Toi?ro Apolis NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 181 5.5.11.4. Marine and inland wetlands birds No. 1. Listed species (water dependent)wildlife Act 2013 Name of wetland Papyrus Yellow Warbler (Calamonastides gracilirostris) Lake Victoria, Yala Swamp Population status Listing 2015-2016 2013 Act IUCN Red List Data deficient VU VU Challenges/ Threats Other remarks -Loss of habitat due to drainage for cultivation of Crop Destruction and for fuel and building materials Also found in Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi -Approx. 10000-20000 (Birdlife Int, 2014) -Invasion by water hyacinth -Ecological changes that are manmade 2. Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) L. Nakuru, L. Bogoria, L. Baringo, L. Magadi,L. Turkana,L. Elementaita, L. Ondago swamp, L. Sonachi, Sabaki, Tana Delta, L. Longipi, L. Oloiden 21,793(2015 – 4 sights bogoria, nakuru,Ele mentaita,N aivasha NT NT -Soda ash mining and hydroelectric power schemes affecting the main breeding site (L. Natron in Tanzania) In 2010, more than 1M birds were recorded -Introduction of alien brine shrimp to clean the soda off algae 2016-no count 2015-19,778 2017-58,000 (IUCN) -Encroachment -water pollution -dilution of alkaline water by inflow of fresh water 3. Basra Reed-wabler (Acrocephalus griseldis) Tana River delta Data deficient EN NT -Accelerating drainage of its breeding habitats especially the 130,000 hectares Tana River Delta -Conversion of the Delta for cultivation -Palearctic migrant from Iran -Entire population passes through Tsavo West National Park -Prospecting for oil and gas 4. 5. 6. 7. Data deficient VU L. Nakuru, L. Elementaita, L. Turkana, L. Victoria, L. Naivasha, Sabaki river, Masai Mara, Amboseli, Meru Data deficient Protec ted Widespread ( including Marshes, swamps, mangroves, deltas and estuaries and riverine areas, Mau Narok/Molo grassland) Data deficient Madagascar Pratincole (Glareola ocularis) Saddle billed stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis) Great White Egret (Ardea alba) Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus) PAGE 182 Masai Mara, Saiwa Swamp, Samburu, NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 VU LC -Declining wetland habitat especially in Madagascar where it breeds -Afro-tropical migrant -Wetland degradation 3000 (RSPB, 2012) -Also found in the Mida creek and Sabaki River-Mouth -Wetland conversion to agriculture -Wetland pollution Protec ted LC -Wetland degradation -Wetland conversion to agriculture 6700-17000, mature individuals -Wetland pollution Data deficient Protec ted LC Predation e.g. by coypu rat in L. Naivasha 915000-1400000 (Wetlands Intnal,2015) 8. African Fish Eagle (Haliaatus vocifer) Amboseli, L. Victoria, Busia grassland, Manguo ponds, Lake Nakuru, Mau Narok/Molo grassland, Mt. Kenya Data deficient Protec ted LC -Buildup of organo-chlorine pesticides in water bodies and therefore in their fish prey resulting in egg shell thinning Over 350 bird species -Extraction An endemic snake species -Agro chemicals Presence of the red knobbed coot -Invasive species 9. Data deficient Grey crowned Crane (Balearica regulorum) Protec ted LC -Habitat loss -Illegal removal of birds and eggs (poaching) from the wild -Degradation of wetland breeding areas -Drainage and overgrazing -Use of pesticides in agriculture 10. 11. African darter (Anhinga rufa) Baillon’s Crake (Zapornia pusilla) L. Baringo, L. Naivasha, Sabaki river,Tana Delta, L. Nakuru, Samburu Data deficient Lake Baringo Data deficient Protec ted LC -destruction of wetland habitats - pollution by agro chemicals Protec ted LC -degradation and loss of seasonal and ephemeral wetlands through, drainage, overgrazing and cultivation (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Global population estimated at 25,500127,000 (Wetlands International 2016) -The birds are found in terrestrial areas, freshwater as well as marine areas. -It is a migrant -Reed cutting and burning -collisions with powerlines (Taylor and van Perlo 1998). 12. African Finfoot (Podica senegalensis) Masai Mara, BoniDodori, Mt. Kenya, Nairobi Data deficient Protec ted LC -Habitat degradation from increased river siltation -Reduced river flow resulting commercial afforestation) (Hockey et al. 2005) The bird is both terrestrial and Freshwater -pesticide contamination 13. Taveta Golden Weaver (Ploceus castaneiceps) Taita hills, Amboselinational park Data deficient Protec ted LC Habitat destruction The bird is both terrestrial and Freshwater 14. Corncrake (Crex crex) Masai Mara, Nairobi National Park Data Deficient NT LC -Habitat loss Global population estimated at 3-7million mature individuals The bird is both terrestrial and Freshwater -Chick mortality resulting from mechanized mowing -Increased predation 15. Black Crownedcrane (Balearica pavonina ceciliae) Samburu National Reserves, Masai Mara National Reserves Data Deficient NT VU • • • • • 16. Chestnut-banded Plover (Charadrius pallidus) Lake Magadi Data Deficient NT NT Degradation of suitable wetland habitat due to increasing human population Increased grazing pressures altering wetland habitats and that influence abudance of insect prey and availability of nest habitat Increased human population via wetland damming, drainage, increased sedimentation through deforestation and use of agro-chemicals Poaching of eggs Illegal trade in countries which are not to CITES -pollution • • CITES appendix II Population in Kenya has adapted to manmade landscape especially around agricultural land with artificial wetlands The total population has been estimated PAGE 183 at NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 -siltation 16,200-17,500 individuals, roughly -water abstraction equivalent to 11,00012,000 mature • • 16. Chestnut-banded Plover (Charadrius pallidus) Lake Magadi Data Deficient NT NT increased sedimentation through deforestation and use of agro-chemicals Poaching of eggs Illegal trade in countries which are not to CITES -pollution -siltation -water abstraction The total population has been estimated at 16,200-17,500 individuals, roughly equivalent to 11,00012,000 mature individuals 17. Great Snipe (Gallinago media) Lake Victoria, Lake Naivasha Data Deficient NT NT -Nesting habitat loss in conversion to agriculture -Wetland drainage -Eutrophication -Hunting The bird is both terrestrial and Freshwater 18. Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) Amboseli National Park Data Deficient NT NT -Loss of nesting habitat owing to wetland drainage and agricultural intensification -The bird is terrestrial, freshwater and marine 19. Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata) Mida Creek Data Deficient NT NT -Conversion of wetlands to arable land -Increased fertilization and drainage of grassland -Spring burning and scrub encroachment -Increased predation of eggs and chick -Loss and fragmentation of the moorland habitats from afforestation and agricultural development -Hunting -High egg and chick mortalities -High predation -The global population is estimated at 614,000-809,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2016). The bird is terrestrial, freshwater and marine - The global population is estimated to number 835,0001,310,000 individuals (Wetlands International, 2016) - susceptibility to avian influenza 20. White-eyed Gull (Larus leucophthalmus) Lake Turkana Data NT NT Deficient -Introduction of predators e.g. rats in the breeding islands -Egg and chick- collection It’s both terrestrial and marine. Global population estimate is 37,000-44,000 individuals overall (IUCN -First records for Kenya: Lake Turkana, 18–21 December 1983(East African Rarities Committee Report 2010–2013) 21. 22. African Skimmer(Rynchops flavirostris) Papyrus Gonolek (Laniarius mufumbiri) PAGE 184 Soysambu conservancy, Lake Elementeita, Lake Turkana, Lake Naivasha Data Deficient Yala swamp, Lake Victoria, Dunga Swamp Data Deficient NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 NT NT NT NT -Destruction of their favored habitats (large rivers) by human activities such as dambuilding, farming practices causing reduced flows and siltation of large rivers -Egg-collection and trapping of adults -Disruption by recreational fishermen impacting breeding colonies -Bioaccumulation -Reduced food supply as a result of overfishing and introduction predatory fish Drainage, burning and the over-exploitation of wetlands -Conversion of wetlands points to agricultural development -The bird is terrestrial, freshwater and marine - Global population estimated about 10,000-17,000 mature individuals (IUCN) -The bird is both terrestrial and Freshwater -Estimated at around 2 million mature individuals (Maclean et al. 2013) 23. Plain-backed Sunbird (Anthreptes reichenowi Shimba Hills National Reserve Data Deficient NT NT Habitat loss resulting from deforestation -Population is suspected to be reducing due to continued habitat destruction - The bird is both terrestrial and Freshwater 24. Maccoa duck (Oxyura maccoa) Mau Narok/Molo grassland, Lake Naivasha Severe long term decline NT NT -Link between population trends and threats not understood -Global population 9000-11000 -Sighted occasionally at Ol Pejeta Conservancy 25. Papyrus Canary (Crithagra koliensis) Yala Swamp, Lake Victoria Data deficient Protec ted LC 26. Shining-Blue Kingfisher (Alcedo quadribrachys) Around Bunyala wetland Data deficient VU LC 27. Madagascar Pondheron Coastal mangroves, inland pools and lagoon ponds , fresh water marshes & streams Decreasing VU EN (Ardeola idea) Habitat degradation due to drainage and land reclamation The AOO is severelydeclining Vagrant in Kenya • • • Loss of habitat due to clearing ,drainage & conversion Exploitation eggs & young Competition by the Squacco heron Protection status 1. Highest- gazetted conservation areas with international recognition ( e.g IBA, Ramsar, WHS, MAB) 2. High-gazetted (nationally protected e.g National Parks and Reserves 3. Medium-has some protection but not legally binding 4. Low-no known protection yet NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 185 5.5.12. Status of Kenya’s Important Bird Areas Presently Kenya has a total of 63 important Bird Areas that cut through a variety of geographical areas. The four criteria for designating an IBA are all represented either individually or as a combination in the country’s IBA. The criteria include 1) when the site has a globally threatened species- birds threatened with extinction, 2) restricted range speciesbirds that have highly restricted distribution 3) Biome restricted species- a series of bird species characteristic of a particular biome 4) exceptionally large numbers of flocking birds. The status of Kenya’s IBA’S is given in table 5.29 Table 5.29 Status of Kenya’s IBA’s No Area Name IBA Type County Birds Status Remarks 1. Aberdares Mountain Montane forest, grassland, bamboo and moorland Murang'a, Nyandarua and Nyeri Sharpe's Longclaw,Aberdare Cisticola,Abbott's Starling,Jackson'sWidowbird Aberdare National Park,Mt.Kenya National Park,Mt.Kenya Forest Reserve 2. Amboseli National Park Papyrus swamps, acacia woodland and open grassland and scrub Kajiado Madagascar Squacco Heron, Lesser Flamingo, Lesser Kestrel and also possibly the Shoebill Amboseli National Park Large% of IBA area outside protected area and facing threats of land use change. Area outside park now facing rapid land use changes 3. Arabuko sokoke Coastal woodland and evergreen forest Kilifi Southern Banded Snake Eagle,Fischer's Turaco, Sokoke Scops Owl, Spotted Ground Thrush,Sokoke Pipit, East Coast Akalat,Amani Sunbird, Plainbacked Sunbird and Clarke's Weaver Arabuko Sokoke Forest Reserve 4. Busia Wetlands Agricultural area which includes seasonally flooded grassland and riverine scrub Busia Great Snipe, Blue Swallow • • 5. Cherangani Hills Montane forest, grassland, scrub, bamboo and moorland Elgeyo Marakwet and West Pokot No globally-threatened species but rich in bird diversity Some area under protection by KFS 6. Chyulu Hills Forest Montane forest, brush and rough grassland Makueni Abbott's Starling Protected 7. Dakatcha Coastal woodland Kilifi Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Fischer’s Turaco, Sokoke Pipitand Clarke's Weaver Non Protected area 8. Dandora Sewage works- treated water released into Nairobi river Nairobi Southern Pochard and Northern Shoveller found here Restricted area 9. Diani Deciduous coral rag forest Kwale Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Fischer’s Turaco, Spotted Ground Thrush and Plain-backed Sunbird Protected 10. Dida Galgalu Desert Dzombo Hills Forest Dunga Swamp Black-lava desert Marsabit Williams's Lark Un protected Coastal mixed forest Papyrus swamp Kwale Forest Reserve 13. Gede Ruins National monument Coastal semideciduous forest Kilifwi 14. Kakamega Forest Fischer's Turaco, Sokoke Pipit and Plain-backed Sunbird Papyrus Gonolek, Papyrus Yellow Warbler Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Fischer's Turaco, Spotted Ground Thrush, Sokoke Pipitnd Plain-backed Sunbird Chapin's Flycatcher, Turner's Eremomela Fischer's Turaco, Spotted Ground Thrush, Sokoke Pipit and Plain-backed Sunbird Fischer's Turaco, Spotted Ground Thrush Culturally protected 11. 12. Tropical rainforest containing grassy clearings and bushy glades 15. PAGE Kaya186 GandiniNWCSDry deciduous REPORT 2015-2017 Cyanometra-Terminalia forest 16. Kaya Waa Coastal CyanometraDrypetes forest on coral Kisumu Kakamega Kwale Kwale No protection Wetland Wetland Protected Protected Culturally protected Birds facing severe threat from human activities Illegal settlements, logging & development of tea plantations Fire, illegal logging & charcoal burning Illegal logging for charcoal Constructed wetland Fragile ecosystem Encroachment 7. Dakatcha Coastal woodland Kilifi Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Fischer’s Turaco, Sokoke Pipitand Clarke's Weaver Non Protected area Illegal logging for charcoal 8. Dandora Sewage works- treated water released into Nairobi river Nairobi Southern Pochard and Northern Shoveller found here Restricted area Constructed wetland 9. Diani Deciduous coral rag forest Kwale Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Fischer’s Turaco, Spotted Ground Thrush and Plain-backed Sunbird Protected 10. Dida Galgalu Desert Dzombo Hills Forest Dunga Swamp Black-lava desert Marsabit Williams's Lark Un protected Coastal mixed forest Papyrus swamp Kwale Forest Reserve 13. Gede Ruins National monument Coastal semideciduous forest Kilifwi 14. Kakamega Forest Kakamega 15. Kaya Gandini Kaya Waa Fischer's Turaco, Spotted Ground Thrush, Sokoke Pipit and Plain-backed Sunbird Fischer's Turaco, Spotted Ground Thrush Culturally protected 16. Tropical rainforest containing grassy clearings and bushy glades Dry deciduous Cyanometra-Terminalia forest Coastal CyanometraDrypetes forest on coral rag Fischer's Turaco, Sokoke Pipit and Plain-backed Sunbird Papyrus Gonolek, Papyrus Yellow Warbler Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Fischer's Turaco, Spotted Ground Thrush, Sokoke Pipitnd Plain-backed Sunbird Chapin's Flycatcher, Turner's Eremomela 11. 12. Kisumu Kwale Kwale Wetland Protected Culturally protected Kianyanga valleys Steep river valleys with cultivation Kirinyaga Hinde's Babbler Wetland 18. Kikuyu Escarpment forest Kinangop Grasslands Montane forest Kiambu Abbott's Starling Forest Reserve Montane grassland and farmland Kisite Island 21. Kiunga NMR 22. Koguta swamp Low scrub andcoral rock Sandy beaches, mangroves and coral shelves Papyrus swamp Pallid Harrier, Sharpe's Longclaw, Aberdare Cisticola, Jackson's Widowbird hosts large numbers of Roseate Tern hosts large numbers of Crabplovers and Roseate Terns Wetland 20. Nyandarua and Nakuru Kwale 23. Kusa swamp Papyrus swamp Kisumu Papyrus Gonolek, Papyrus Yellow,Warbler Papyrus Gonolek 24. Lake Baringo Baringo Madagascar Squacco Heron, Lesser Flamingo, Pallid Harrier, Lesser Kestrel 25. Lake Bogoria Shallow freshwater lake with swampy margins surrounded by basalt cliffs, bush and acacia woodland Alkaline lake, hot springs, woodland and brush Unprotected wetland Unprotected wetland Unprotected wetland Baringo Lesser Flamingo (this is an important feeding area and hosts large congregations). Also hosts large numbers of Greater Flamingo and Black-necked Grebe Lamu Kisumu Encroachment Protected 17. 19. Fragile ecosystem Farming and land use change Farming and land use change Protected Protected Protected NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 187 26. Lake Elmemtaita Alkaline lake, acacia woodland, Tarchonanthus bushland and grassland Nakuru Greater Spotted Eagle, Lesser Kestrel, Lesser Flamingo, Greycrested Helmet-shrike, Jackson's Widowbird. Also hosts large congregations of Black-necked Grebe, Great White Pelican, African Spoonbill, Greater Flamingo, Pied Avocet Lesser Flamingo Protected 27. Lake Magadi Heavily alkaline lake with a fringe of brush Kajiado 28. Lake Naivasha Nakuru 29. Lake Nakuru National Park Freshwater lake with a papyrus swamp fringe and surrounding Acacia xanthophloea woodland. Alkaline lake with surrounding Acacia xanthophloea woodland and grassland Grey-crested Helmet-shrike, Basra Reed Warbler, Lesser Flamingo. Also has large congregations of Red-knobbed Coot, African Spoonbill and Little Grebe Madagascar Squacco Heron, Lesser Flamingo, Pallid Harrier, Greater Spotted Eagle, Greycrested Helmet-shrike. Also hosts large congregations of Greater Flamingo, Black-necked Grebe, Little Grebe, Great White Pelican, Yellow-billed Stork, African Spoonbill, Black-winged Stilt, Greyheaded Gull and Gull-billed Tern Unprotected wetland 30. Lake Turkana Alkaline lake surrounded by sandy and rocky areas Marsabit and Turkana Lesser Flamingo. It is also notable because over 10% of the East African/South East Asian wintering population of Little Stint are found here Madagascar Squacco Heron, Lesser Kestrel, Pallid Harrier, Corncrake, Grey-crested Helmetshrike, Red-throated Tit, Jackson's Widowbird 3 protected areas the rest unprotected Wetland 31. Masai Mara National Reserves Narok 32. Machakos valleys Vast rolling grasslands, riverine forest, swamp, Acacia woodland and scrub as well as Croton and Tarchonanthus scrub and rocky cliffs and scarps Acacia xanthophloea woodland, riverine bush Machakos Hinde's Babbler Unprotected grassland 33. Masinga Dam Freshwater reservoir set in open AcaciaCommiphora bush Embu Hinde's Babbler also hosts congregations of White-winged Tern and Great Cormorant Restricted wetland 34. Marenji Forest Coastal mixedforest Kwale Forest reserve 35. Mau forest complex Montane forest, bamboo groves and grassland. 36. Mau Narok/ Molo Grasslands Montane grassland and farms Nakuru, Kericho, Narok and Bomet Nakuru and Narok Fischer's Turaco, Sokoke Pipit, Plain-backed Sunbird Grey-winged Robin and the Purplethroated Cuckoo-shrike Lesser Kestrel, Pallid Harrier,Great Snipe, Sharpe's Longclaw, Aberdare Cisticola, Jackson's Widowbird Unprotected PAGE 188 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Nakuru Unprotected wetland Pollution from flower farm and land use change Protected Protected Illegal harvesting of trees Protected Wheat farming 37. Meru National Park 38. Mida Creek, Whale Island, Malindi/Watamu 39. Mirima Hill Forest 40. Mt. Elgon 41. Mt. Kenya National Park &R 42. Mukurwe-ini Valleys 43. Mwea National Reserves 44. Nairobi National Park 45. North Nandi Forest Ol Donyo sabache 46. 47. Ruma National Park 48. Sabaki River Mouth 49. Samburu, buffalo Springs National Reserves 50. Shaba National Reserves Acacia-Commiphora bushland, wooded grassland Sandy beaches, mangroves, intertidal rock, sand and mud, sea-grass beds and coral reefs Coastal mixed forest Meru and TharakaNithi Kilifi Hindes Babbler, Saddle-billed Stork is known to breed in the area important congregatory area for Crab-plover, Lesser and Greater Sand plover, Roseate and Saunder's Tern Protected Kwale Forest Reserve Montane forest, moorland, bamboo and wooded grassland Montane forest, montane grassland, bamboo and moorland Trans Nzoia Fischer's Turaco, Spotted Ground Thrush and Plainbacked Sunbird Sharpe's Longclaw Embu, Kirinyaga, Nyeri, Laikipia, Meru, TharakaNithi, Nyambene Nyeri Lesser Kestrel, Sharpe's Longclaw, Abbott's Starling, Jackson's Widowbird Protected Hinde's Babbler Unprotected Embu Madagascar Squacco Heron Protected Grassland, woodland, thickets, dams and ponds and upland dry forest Nairobi Protected Tropical and montane forest Basalt cliffs and Juniperus-Podocarpus forest Grassland, thickets and open woodland Estuarine site with Mud banks, sandbanks, dunes and freshwater Pools. Acacia tortilis woodland, rocky cliffs and escarpments, open bush and grassland Commiphora bushland, riverine woodland and thickets, open lava desert, alkaline swamps and grassland Nandi Madagascar Squacco Heron, Corncrake Lesser Kestrel, Redthroated Tit and Jackson's Widowbird. In January 2000 this IBA was the centre of attention because of the discovery of what is believed to be a new pipit Chapin's Flycatcher Samburu Taita Falcon Forest reserve Homa Bay Blue Swallow Protected Kilifi Malindi Pipit also an important area for Madagascar Pratincole, Sooty Tern, Saunder's Tern and Lesser Crested Tern Unprotected wetland Isiolo and Samburu Taita Falcon and Lesser Kestrel Protected Isiolo Lesser Kestrel and Williams's Lark Protected Steep river valleys with cultivation Bush and woodland with open glades protected Protected Farming and land use change AOO quite restricted for Hindes babbler Forest reserve NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Encroachment and land reclamation for farming PAGE 189 51. Shimba Hills National Reserves Coastal forest, grassland and scrub Kwale Protected Busia Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Fischer's Turaco, Spotted Ground Thrush, Sokoke Pipit, East Coast Akalat and Plainbacked Sunbird Papyrus Gonolek 52. Sio Port swamp Papyrus Swamp 53. 54. South Nandi Forest South Nguruman Tropical forest and montane forest Acacia tortilis woodland, AcaciaCommiphora brush, Tarchonanthus thicket, grassland and sub-montane forest Forest Hills Nandi Turner's Eremomela Forest Reserve Kajiado Red-throated Tit, Grey-crested Helmet-shrike, Jackson's Widowbird Unprotected Wildlife dispersal area 55. Taita Hills Forest Taita Taveta Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Taita Falcon and Abbott's Starling as well as the 3 globallyendangered endemic species; Taita Thrush, Taita Whiteeye and Taita Apalis Forest Reserve Illegal logging and charcoal burning 56. Tana River Delta Inter- tidal zone with riverine forests Tana River Unprotected/Ramsar site Encroachment and land reclamation 57. Tana River Forest Evergreen forest, deciduous woodland, bush and grassland Tana River Not protected but primate reserve protected Encroachment especially by beach developers, farming,fishing &illegal logging 58. Tsavo East National Park/South Kitui National Reserves Acacia-Commiphora bush, bushed grassland, bushland and riverine scrub Tana River, TaitaTaveta and Kitui Southern Banded Snake Eagle, Malindi Pipit and Basra Reed Warbler. Also hosts internationally important levels of Gull-billed Tern, Caspian Tern, Lesser Crested Tern Saunders's Tern, Pink-backed Pelican, Yellow-billed Egret, Great Egret, Open-billed Stork, Yellow-billed Stork, African Spoonbill, Lesser Sand plover, Little Stint and Marsh Sandpiper internationally important levelsof Gull-billed Tern, aspian Tern, Lesser Crested TernSaunders's Tern, Pink-backed Pelican, Yellow-billed Egret,Great Egret, Open-billed Stork, Yellow-billed Stork, AfricanSpoonbill, Lesser Sandplover,Little Stint and Marsh Sandpiper Lesser Kestrel,Basra ReedWarbler andFriedmann's Lark Protected National Park & National Reserves 59. Tsavo West National Park Taita taveta Corncrake, Basra Reed Warblerand Friedmann's Lark 59. Tsavo West National Park Yala Swamp AcaciaCommiphora bush, grassy plains and Acacia-scrub riverine Commiphora bush, Papyrus swamp grassy plains and riverine scrub Papyrus swamp Taita taveta Siaya and Corncrake, Basra Reed Warblerand Friedmann's Papyrus Gonolek, PapyrusLark Yellow Warbler Protected including the neighboring ranches Protected including the neighboring Unprotected ranches Severe encroachment, illegal logging and massive charcoal burning especially in South Kitui National Reserves Drainage and land reclamation for Drainage and rice farming land reclamation for rice farming 60. 60. Busia Yala Swamp Siaya and Papyrus Gonolek, Papyrus Yellow Busia Warbler 61. 62. 63. 61. category IBA 62. 1. Site has a globally threatened species- bird is threatened with extinction 63. 2. Restricted range species 3. Biome restricted species 4. Exceptionally large numbers of flocking birds PAGE 190 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Unprotected Unprotected Threatened by extensive rice farming and papyrus reed harvesting for handicrafts & fishing gear 5.6. Status of Listed Marine Wildlife Species The Kenyan coastline is rich in marine biodiversity which ranges from Whales, Dugong, Sea cows, Rays, Tuna,Sharks,Dolphins, birds,Turtles among others some of which are resident and others migratory. 5.6.1. Dugong(Dugon dugong) Dugongs are large aquatic marine mammals and is one of the four living species of the oder Sirenia. This includes three species of Manatees. Historically, the dugong inhabited the entire shallow coastal waters of Kenya. Herds of hundreds were recorded in the 1960’s. However, their numbers have dropped sharply over the years (WWF-EAME, 2004).During the 2015 marine census only two individuals were sighted. Presently their population is threatened by degradation of sea grass habitat due to coastal development and industrial activities that cause water pollution. Bycatch especially by trawlers resulting into entanglement in nets is a major threat to their survival. 5.6.2. Sea turtles Five species of sea turtles have been reported to either nest, forage or migrate through Kenyan waters. These species include the critically endangered hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricate), the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas), and the vulnerable olive - ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea). The endangered loggerhead turtle (Carettacaretta) and the leather back turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) occasionally forage and migrate through Kenyan waters. Turtles were the dominant mega-fauna recorded during an aerial census in December 2016, accounting for 38% (161 of all sightings). In March 2017, turtle sightings accounted for about 31 % (135 of all sightings). Larger aggregations of sea turtles were recorded in the March census compared to the December census. Some of the recorded sea turtles were hawksbill, olive-ridley and leather back. The figure 5.15 shows census result of some selected marine Figure 5.15 Distribution of Turtle Species NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 191 All the 5 listed turtle species(see NB below on the black turtle) are under appendix I of CITES and II of CMS Which means that no trade in the species or its products at all.Besides the CITES and CMS protection status , the Leatherback and the loggerhead turtles are given further protection through the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation and Management of Marine Turtles and their Habitats of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia (IOSEA). Both the migratory and breeding turtles in the Kenyan coast face certain specific threats that are associated with their behaviour. These threats include by catch incidents - especially by trawlers, Pollution- especially ingestion of plastics, Commercial & subsistence poaching leading to Illegal trade in eggs and its meat , Habitat destruction (beach infrastructure development) -Encroachment on nesting sites, Climate change- affects sex ratio, Invasive and other problematic species, diseases ,high speed boat propellers and artificial lighting discourages nesting and makes it hard for hatchlings to find their way to the ocean. Plate: 39 Infrastructure development on turtle nesting site N/B Though listed in the WCMA, 2013 the status of Black turtle (Chelonia agassizii) in Kenyan waters is not clear since this species is recorded in the western pacific ocean. 5.6.3. Whales These are marine mammals belonging to the order cetacean of which Eight are Baleen, 2 of Sperm and 13 toothed whales which occur in the Western Indian Ocean region. In Kenya Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni), Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) PAGE 192 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 and Minke whale (B. acutorostrata) have been recorded. Kenya is part of the migration route for the Humpback whale. The humpback is the most reported whale species in kenya, (knowno as Chongoe in Kiswahili) often associated with destruction of fishermen gill nets. (NEMA, 2009) . The status of the listed whale species is given in table 5.30. Plate: 39 Infrastructure development on turtle nesting site # 1. Species (Scientific and common name) Conservation status Status 2012 2014 Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Nationally listed as ‘Vulnerable’ and Least Concern under IUCN Red List. 198 Status 2015 - 2017 (population status) Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) Listed as ‘Vulnerable’ both nationally and under IUCN Red List 1 No sightings Categorized under Appendix I of CITES and Appendices I and II of CMS 3. 4. Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) Coalfish/Sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) Listed Endangered both nationally and under the IUCN Red List. The species is on Appendix I of both CITES and CMS. Categorized as Endangered both nationally and under the List. IUCN Red Remarks Pollution ( e.g. micro plastics, noise, oil spills) • Energy production and mining ( exploration of oil and gas) • Biological resource use ( by catch) • Transportation and service corridors • Climate change (toxic algae blooms, extreme weather conditions- storms and hurricanes) • Pollution ( e.g. micro plastics, noise, oil spills) • Energy production and mining ( exploration of oil and gas) • Biological resource use ( by catch) • Transportation and service corridors • Climate change (toxic algae blooms, extreme weather conditions- storms and hurricanes) • Pollution • Climate change and severe weather • Biological resource use • Transportation and service corridors. International Whaling Commission ( Indian Ocean is a whale sanctuary) • Listed in Appendix I of both CITES and CMS. 2. Threats 3 • One of this type sighted in the December 2016 and 3 in the March 2017 census. Biological resource use- by catch resulting in the whale being entangled This species is included in CITES Appendix I and Appendix II of CMS. NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 193 5.6.4. Sharks pollution especially from plastics and oil spills and persecution. Various international treaties and organizations presently are in place to monitor and regulate all issues related to shark and theier conservation, The most notable is the Convention on the Conservation of Migratotory Species of Wild Animals(CMS – also known as Bonn Convention) of which Kenya is signatory.in 2009 IUCN named 64 shark species as being at risk of extinction due to fishing and shark finning.The table 5.31 gives the status of the 5 listed sharks in Kenyan coastal waters. There are 440 species of sharks worldwide and generally their population is on the decline. They are a group of elasmobranch fish characterised by a cartilaginous skeleton with 5 to 7 gills on the head and pectrol fins that are not fused to the head.They are classified into 12 oders 4 of which are extinct.The value of shark fins has led to an increase of shark catches world wide and it is now estimated that over 100 million sharks are harvested every year. Apart from commercial fishing other threats include habitat alteration, damage and loss from coastal development, Table 5.31 Status of Listed Sharks in Kenya # Species (Scientific and common name) Conservation status Status 2015 - 2017 (population status) Threats 1. Grey Nurse shark (Sand tiger shark, spotted ragged-tooth shark or blue-nurse sand tiger)Carcharias taurus IUCN-VU Population status in Kenyan water remains unknown • • • • 2. 3. Oceanic white tipped shark ( also known as Brown Milbert’s Sand bar shark; brown shark; Nigano shark; oceanic white-tipped whaler’ Silver tip shark) IUCN-VU Great white shark (carcharodon carcharias)Other names: White pointer White death IUCN-VU (listed in appendix ii) WCMA-VU • • Remarks Poor breeders- two pups at a time and breed only every second or third year Popular and highly prized food I demand by trawlers and anglers Its hide, liver (for cosmetic oil) and fins are also in great demand Pups are highly susceptible to pollution • Indiscriminately fished including bottom trawls Hunted for its fins • • • • Population status in Kenyan water and worldwide is unknown but declining • • • Hunted for food (especially fins) and for sports Teeth are kept and sold as jewelry Caught as bycatch • • • • • • 4. Shorttail nurse shark (pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum) IUCN-VU WCMA-VU • Population status is unknown but declining • • • 5. Whale shark (Rhincodon typus)papa shillingi PAGE 194 IUCN-VU (listed in appendix ii) NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 East African Whale shark trust (Mombasa) keeps database (population, Movement and habits) for this species • Valued for its skin which produces high quality leather Its fins are highly prized Caught as a by-catch in longline and gillnet fisheries • Greatly hunted for meat, fins, aphrodisiac and medicinal • • • Inhabits the continental shelf Have low reproduction rate and this is aggravated by intrauterine cannibalism (adelphophagy) Is a Requiem shark found commonly around 150M below surface Is the major cause of human- shark conflict worldwide It is a mackerel (lamnidae) shark Is found in all the major oceans of the world and weighs up to 1900Kg at maturity Can live up to 70yrs and females at 33 at 26yrs and males mature They can swim at depths of over 1000m Is one of the shark species with high number of Shark/Human conflict Are a major attraction to divers Belongs to the family ginglmostomatidae Endemic to the coast of Kenya, Tanzania and Madagascar The largest fish in the world and can weigh up to 20 tons Though they are carnivores, they are basically filter feeders (plankton)- cross flow filtration Plate: 44 Whale Shark 5.6.5. Rays There are over 600 species of ray fish in the world divided into 26 families. Like sharks, rays are catilagenious of the Oderbatoidei and are placed in the same class chondrichthyes. Rays are classified into the following groups electric rays, sawfishes, skates, and sting rays(whip tail rays).About 20 species of electric rays are known to inhabit tropical waters. Only two ray fishes – porcupine ray and black blotchedstingray are listed as endangered in the WCMA-2013. Plate: 45 Great white shark 5.6.5.1. The Porcupine Ray (Urogymnus asperrimus) This is a non venomous stinging ray (the only non venomous ray) that is abenthic invertebrate and bony fishes feeder. It is classified by the IUCN as vulnerable.The porcupine ray skin (made into a form of leather called shagreen) is of commercial value as a luxury ornamental cover for swords and sheaths especially in oriental Asia. Unregulated fishing has led to the species decline in many parts of its range. Its habitat is degraded by coastal development and also the species faces depletion of it food supply as a result of overfishing. Its status on the coastal waters of Kenya is as yet to be established. Plate: 40 Porcupine Ray NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 195 5.6.5.2. Black Blotched Sting Ray (Taeniurops meyeni) This species is referred to also as the Taeniura meyeni; Marbled Ray; Marbled Ribbontail Ray; Giant Reef Ray; Bull Ray Barb; Black Spotted Ray; Black Spotted Stingray; Black Blotched Stingray; blotched Fantail Ray; Fantail Ray; Fantail Stingray; Round Ribbontail Ray and Speckled Stingray. The species inhabits coral reefs and estuaries mostly on the sandy bottoms- they are bottom feeders. The species is listed by the IUCN as vulnerable. Its status in Kenyan waters has not been established. It is fished commercially for meat and cartilage and as a sport fish. It appears in instances as a by catch Plate: 41 Black Blotched Sting Ray 5.6.6. Other Listed Marine Fishes 5.6.6.1. Bowmouth Guitarfish\Giant Guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis) The species is also referred to as the White spotted Wedge fish and belongs to the family Rhinidae. It is found along the eastern coast of Africa from the Red Sea to South Africa. It is a bottom feeder and is found around sandy Plate: 42 Bowmouth Guitarfish PAGE 196 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 and muddy areas in estuaries, lagoons and near coral and rocky reefs down to about 50M. Its status in Kenya is not well established but appears as a by catch. It is a target for fishermen.Habitat modification/degradation is most likely to be the threat to this species. It is likely that interference by fishermen to the inshore nursery areas and pollution could be affecting this species 5.6.6.2. Bigeye Tuna (Thunnus obesus) Besides being a major food fish, it is a renowned highly valued sport fish that belongs to the wider mackerel family scombridae. Both IUCN and WCMA-2013 classifies it as vulnerable. Commercial fisheries of this and other Tunas in the Indian Ocean are managed by the “Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC). This has introduced measures such as particular sized vehicles, spatial and temporal closures, trip duration limits, observer requirements and limits on catches. It is only in the Indian Ocean where the species is deemed to be “not overfished”. Longline fleets are the main causes of fishing in the Indian Ocean. Plate: 43 Bigeye Tuna 5.6.6.3. Brindle Bass (epinephelus lanceolatus) Other Names- Brown spotted cod; bumblee grouper This highly prized food fish which belongs to the serrandae family can grow to a weight of 300kg thus making it the largest bony fish in the coral reefs. It habitat extends to estuarine, under water caves and rocky reefs. It is well represented from the Red sea down to South Africa. It is listed by both the IUCN and WCMA2013 as vulnerable species. Its population status is not established. However its vulnerability as a species is very high. Threats to the species include • It’s a much sort for food and recreational species • It is not a good breeder and research (Froese and Pauly-2005)has shown it takes more than 14 years to double its population 5.6.6.4. Giant Wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) The Giant Wrasse (the fish grows to about 2meters and weighs about 108Kg) which is also referred to as the hump head wrasse is located in the east coast of Africa and the Red sea. Its habitat is mainly the sandy ranges that border coral reef waters. It is however also found in lagoons. It’s basically found in small groups or larger combinations within their habitats. The species is a protogynous hermaphrodite (changing sex from female to male). It is listed under appendix II of CITES and exports of the species are banned. The species population has been declining due to destructive fishing techniques, habitat loss and degradation, over fishing, illegal trade. Since it feeds on the Crown of Thorn star fish it is important in the conservation of corals. NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 197 .0 0 H1 ?0 CD IiEcovERv HE LISTED SPEE Section 49 (4) WCMA, 2013 states that; the Cabinet Secretary shall report biannually to the National Assembly through the National Wildlife Conservation Status Report on the status of efforts to develop and implement recovery plans for all nationally listed species and on the status of all species for which such plans have been developed. the list and iii. Estimates of the time required and the cost to carry out those measures needed to achieve the goal of the plan Section 51 (1) of the WCMA, 2013 states- Schedule six of the WCMA, 2013 lists 211 species as follows:- 1. The Service may develop and implement recovery plans for the conservation and management of all the species listed under the sixth schedule. 1. Mammals: Seven as critically endangered, nineteen as endangered and thirty seven as vulnerable. 2. The service shall, in developing the recovery plans, to the maximum extent practicable:a. Give priority to those rare, endangered and threatened species: and b. Incorporate in each recovery plani. A description of such site-specific management actions as may be necessary to achieve the plans goal for the conservation and survival of the species ii. Objective, measurable criteria which, when met, would result in the species being removed from 6.1 Listing Criteria The species listing is based on a national species status and IUCN criteria. The factors are taken into consideration when assessing conservation status includes: a. Population size reduction. Population reduction (measured over the longer of 10 years or 3 generations) b. Geographic range: either extent of occurrence and/or area of occupancy c. Small population size and decline: Number of mature individuals and an observed, estimated or projected continuing decline of at least (up to a max. of 100 years in future) AND/OR an observed, estimated, projected or inferred continuing decline and at least 1 of the following conditions: d. Number of mature individuals in each PAGE 200 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 2. Birds: Two are listed as critically endangered, twelve as endangered, thirteen as vulnerable and thirty as near threatened. Thirty seven bird species are listed as protected. 3. Reptiles: two are listed as critically endangered, eight as endangered, three as threatened while thirty eight are listed as protected. 4. Fish: seven species are listed as critically endangered, four as endangered and fiftteen as vulnerable. 5. Tree: Two tree species are listed as endangered while six are under the category of vulnerable. subpopulation; % of mature individuals in one subpopulation e. Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals f. Very small or restricted population: number of mature individuals, restricted area of occupancy or number of locations with a plausible future threat that could drive the taxon to criticallyendangered or Extinct in a very short time. g. Quantitative Analysis: based on calculated probability of extinction in the wild h. The convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. 6.2 Recovery Plans Section 49 (3) states that the Service may, in developing and implementing recovery plans, enlist the services of appropriate public, private or non-governmental organizations, institutions and other qualified persons. Though, previously it was not a legal requirement to develop endangered species recovery plans, KWS in collaboration with relevant stakeholders has developed and is championing implementation of 19 species specific recovery plans. The 2015-2017 status report has developed a guide on key components that are to be considered in development of listed species recovery plans (Annex 1). Table 6.1 provides a summary of receovery plans that have been developed; Table 6.1. Status of recovery plans # Name of the Recovery plan Duration of the Recovery plan IUCN/ National Listing Vision and Goal 2015-2017 Implementation status Populatio n Estimate (Year) Target population by end of implementation Budget Remarks 1 Conservation and Management Strategy for the Black Rhino in Kenya (6th Edition) 2017-2021 CR Vision:To have a metapopulation of at least 2,000 black rhinos of the eastern African subspecies in Kenya, and in suitable habitats as a global heritage Meru Rhino Sanctuary extension completed (sanctuary extended by 35km2 from 48 km2 to 83 km2) 99.5 km2 Tsavo East NP RhinoSanctuary completed 1,258 – Black (745) S. White (510) N. White (3) (2017) To achieve a metapopulation of 830 black rhinos by the end of 2021; 650 million; for identified activities e.g. translocation, ear notching, constrcution of sancuaries, operational costs To be laucnhed in April 2018 2 Conservation and Management Strategy for the Elephant in Kenya 2012-2021 EN Vision: A secure future for elephants and their habitats, based on peaceful and beneficial coexistence with people, now and for generations yet to come. Mid Term Reveiw undertaken in 2016 34, 010 Target is to secure populations, habitats and connectivity 250 million, for census, translocationsan d securing corridors The strategy is being implemented 3 National Conservation and management Strategy for 2009-2014 Cheetah - Vul Wildog EN Vision: To secure viable and ecologically functioning cheetah and Range maps updated Cheetahs 1,160 Wild dogs 845 (2008) Estimates to be provided in the 2nd edition being developed 35 million to undertake national census and disease surveillance for The strategy is being implemented (Expired) NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 201 Cheetah and Wild dogs in Kenya wild dog populations as valued components of development in Kenya wild dogs 4 National Conservation and management Strategy for Lion and Hyena in Kenya 2009-2014 Lion – Vul Spotted hyeana – LC Striped – NT Vision: To sustain viable populations of lions and hyaenas in healthy ecosystems as a world heritage benefiting local communities and the people of Kenya Carnivore survey methodology Harmonisation workshop held; National carnivore survey plan completed to be implemented in 2018-2019 Lions – 1,970 Spotted hyena – 2000-4000 Stripped hyeana – 1,000 (2008) 5 Conservation and Management Strategy for Grevy’s Zebra (Equus grevyi) in Kenya 2017-2021 EN Vision: To have viable and sustainable Grevy’s zebra populations and their habitats for present and future generations. National census undertaken in 2017 2,350 (2017) 6 Strategy for Conservation and Management of Commercial Aloe Species In Kenya 2008 Vision: To contribute to improved livelihood for Kenyans through sustainable utilisation of viable Kenyas aloe populations 7 Strategy for Bioprospectiun g within and Outside protected areas 2011 Provide a framework to guide the country’s bio prospecting activities 8 National Strategy and Action Plan for the Management of Invasive species in Kenya’s protected Areas 2013-2018 9 National strategy for conservation of sea turtles 2011-2015 PAGE 202 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Vision: To have viable and resilient sea turtle populations and their ecosystems for the benefit of Kenyans and as a world heritage 25 million to undertake national census 2nd Edition to be developed February – April 2018 45 million for national survey and drought mitigation programmes Awaiting publication The strategy is being implemented Ksh. 9,884,000 - Green turtle E Hawksbill CE Olive ridley V Loggerh ead E Leatherb Estimates to be provided in the 2nd edition being developed The plan is being implemented 80% implemented ack CE 10 National strategy for conservation of sable antelopes 2013-2017 11 Coral reefs and sea grass ecosystems conservation strategy 2014-2018 12 National strategy for conservation of Eastern Mountain Bongo 2017-2021 Goal: To reduce and mitigate threats, reverse declining sea turtle populations and enhance ecological, social and cultural benefits LC IUCN RareNational 41 (2017) Vision: Ensure healthy coral reef and sea grass ecosystems sustainably provide goods and services for posterity. Goal: Maintain and restore the ecological integrity of coral reef and sea grass ecosystems through improved research and Management in partnership with stakeholders. The intent of this goal is to address existing and potential threats affecting coral reef and sea grass ecosystems by identifying key strategic objectives targets and activities that promote healthy and resilient ecosystems. NT Vision: Envisage viable, freeranging and genetically representative populations of Eastern Mountain Bongo, thriving Kshs. 38 million for development of a predator free sanctuary Hard coral cover 18% Recovery plan completed; site committees for management of Mt. Kenya Game ranch captive population and 96 (2017) Implementati on is at 33% with only 6 out of 18 argets having been or in the process of implementati on 36% with only few activities having been or in the process of implementati on Secure remaining populations and habitats and plan for repatriation to boost wild populations 105 million for securing atleast one breeding sanctuary and securing habitats of the wild populations NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Draft in place, Awaiting approval PAGE 203 13 across intact historic mountain ecosystem ranges, cherished by the Kenyan people and the global community. establishment of Eburu Sanctuary Vision: To have viable, freeranging populations of all three giraffe subspecies, recognizing their ecological role, Kenya’s unique heritage and legacy as the world centre of giraffe diversity, and ensuring benefits to Kenyans. Updating national population estimates undertaken for the 3 sub spices and working groups for the 3 sub species established Masai Giraffe (10,030) Rothschild (415) Reticulate d (8,606) (2016) Secure habitat for the existing populations 30 million for working groups activity plans Draft awaiting publication, Awaiting approval Request for 2 herds made to the Peoples Republic of Tanzania, through MOE&&NR through MOFA&IT 16 (2016) Boost the population with 2 herds to for enhanced breeding Kshs. 38,581,825.00 to construct a predator free breeding sanctuary Draft awaiting finalisation 45 million drafting a new plan, national survey and protecting the habitats To be reviewed National strategy for conservation of giraffes 2017-2021 14 National strategy for conservation of roan antelopes 2017-2021 LC IUCN RareNational Vision: To secure viable Hirola populations in well-managed landscapes and as valued components of community development. 15 National strategy for conservation of sitatunga Expired in 2017 LC IUCN RareNational - 256 (2013) 16 National strategy for conservation of red colobus and tana crested mangabey - EN - - 17 National strategy for conservation of hirola antelopes 2018-2027 CR 18 Single species action plan for conservation of Sagalla Caecilian (Boulengerula Niedeni) 2015-2020 CR PAGE 204 Rothschil d - EN Masai Vul Reticulat ed -Vul NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Vision: To have a well managed Sagalla Caecilian Population and habitat providing ecosystem Population in the Ishaqini sanctuary established in 2012 with 48 individual double to 110 individuals,; plans to extend the sanctuary are in place 420-450 (2017) Main aim is to protect thehabitat - National Primate taskforce initiate the process Have at least 2 growing populations, habitat restoration in the free ranging areas 300 million for extension of Ishaqbini sanctuary, 1 predator free sanctuary and range rehabilitation programmes on the free ranging populations Recovery plan completed 1 million In implementati on phase services for the benefit of the local people 19 Action plan for the conservation of critically endangered birds in Taita Hills (Taita Thrush, Taita Apalis) 2015-2020 CR Vision: To have healthy populations of Taita Apalis and Taita Thruish as a global heritage benefiting the local people Main aim is to protect the habitat - National strategy for conservation of Birds: - - - - - International Action Plan for Spotted Ground Thrush (Zoothera guttata) EN Main aim is to protect the habitat - 5 million In implementati on phase - National Bird Taskforce to spearhead formulation ±200 pairs National and International (BirdLife/Natu re Kenya/KWS/K FS) Blue Swallow 2002 Vulnerab le InternationalEWT/Birdlife/R SPB 20 Lesser Flamingo 2008 NT InternationalCMS/AEWA 21 Madagascar Pond Heron 2008-2013 EN InternationalAEWA 22 Maccoa Duck 2007-2012 Vul 23 Grey Crowned Crane 2015-2025 EN InternationalAEWA InternationalAEWA 24 Lappet-faced Vulture 2008 EN Multi-species action plan for all vultures in Africa and Europe under CMS Raptor MoU to be developed The above list of listed species recovery plans is not conclusive, the process of formulating species recovery plans is continuous and is prioritised based on availability of resources and priority for species recovery. NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 205 6.3 Challenges a. Number of listed species for which recovery plans are to be developed is immense (211), thus the need to identify those which can be grouped together b. Though WCMA,2013 mandates KWS with conservation and management of wildlife in Kenya, KWS works with various stakeholders enumerated in the chapter on wildlife management in Kenya to effectively deliver the mandate thus collating all available information related to wildlife conservation is a rigorous and lengthy process c. Huge amount of financial resources are required to develop and implement the recovery plans d. Due to limited human resource and technical capacity on some specific areas, there is inadequate information on some of the listed species thus their population status is listed as data deficient e. Remnant population of some of the listed species are non viable e.g. the Roan antelope and the bearded vulture. The management through the MOE&NR has requested for two herds of roan antelopes and a pair bearded vulture from the People Republic of Tanzania and Ethiopia respectively thus require follow up. 6.4 Intervention Measures for Species Recovery The species recovery plans have a five or ten years implementation period. A mid-term and end term review is recommended half way through the implementation period so as to measure achievements, review challenges and lessons learnt, thus inform conservation efforts. All the plans also recognise the need to prioritise short term activities that will have immediate conservation impact on the species. To champion the implementation of recovery plans, KWS set up species specific taskforces, whose membership constitutes species experts, community representatives and various research and donor organisations. PAGE 206 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 The plans have also profiled the main threats facing the species and recommended several interventions measures that should be put in place. These management intervention measures for species recovery can either be in-situ or ex-situ as indicated below:- In-situ Population of some wild ungulates has been on the decline due to various factors amongst them predation. To enhance the management of these ungulates in their natural systems, various interventions have been put in place. Table 6.2 Intervention measurs used for In-situ Species recovery # Intervention Description Species Locality 1. Predator proof Sanctuaries Predator proof bomas are enclosed areas set up to exclude predators. To grow the population and later release to re-populate the natural range Hirola Ishaqbini Hirola Sanctuary Garissa NWR, Oryx, Grevy’s Zebra, Ostrich Olpejeta conservancy Various ungulates Marula Eastern Mountain Bongo MKWC 2. Sanctuaries A fenced off area, with intensified security Black and white Rhinoceros In 9 National Parks, 5 Private areas, 1 County government area, 3 community areas 3. Ecosystem/range rehabilitation Includes habitat restoration and improved husbandry practices through habitat manipulation i.e. mechanical removal of invasive species, grass and trees re-seeding Hirola Ishaqbini conservancy and other hirola natural range Grevy's zebra Conservancies within grevy's zebra range Various Control of invasive species in various national parks 4. Exclusion zones Sections of particular conservation areas are fenced off to keep certain wildlife out so as to prevent further habitat degradation and allow habitat recovery To keep out Elephants and other large ungulates Amboseli, Lewa wildlife conservancy 5. Surveys/Monitoring Population status surveys are carried out to update, monitor and establish population status. This also aids in determining the effectiveness of conservation measures put in place Various species range regions NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 207 Ex-situ Conservation of endangered species, plants or animals outside its natural range to enhance their recovery. Table 6.3 Intervention measurs used for ex-situ Species recovery # Intervention Description Species Locality 1. Repatriation Northern White Rhino Eastern Mountain Bongo Ol Pejeta MKWC 2. Assisted reproduction Northern White Rhino Ol pejeta 3. Captive gardens breeding Eastern Mountain Bongo MKWC 4. Donation Repatriations are carried out to augment existing populations or to re-establish populations in areas where the species was formerly extant. Where a species cannot reproduce under natural circumstances, technology is used to facilitate reproduction Carried out for endangered species with an aim to bolster an existing population or achieve a population size large enough to allow the species to be reintroduced in their natural range Certain species exist in very low numbers that are not adequate to recover the populations. Thus other countries that host similar species requested to donate to aid in population recovery Bio-repository which preserve genetic material. Kept as duplicate specimens in repositories both in Kenya and foreign countries in the form of DNA, semen, biological material, progeny, living libraries for breeding purposes and bio banks. Specimens can be retrieved at later stages. establishment where plants are grown for scientific study, display to the public and preservation for future generations Roan antelope Sable antelope Ruma National Park Shimba Hills National Reserve Raptor rehabilitation Centre San Diego Zoo, NMK, KARLO, Gene bank, Royal botanic Gardens, Kew in London 5. Genetic banks 6. Botanical gardens PAGE 208 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Bearded vulture Northern White Rhino, Various plants and mycological collections Sandal wood, Prunus Africana, rose wood KEFRI ANNEX 1. Structure of recovery plans 8.1 species description 8.1.1History and taxonomic relationship of listed species 8.1.2 Biology and ecology of the listed species 8.1.3 Population status, Reproduction and distributionl of the listed species 8.1.4 Diet and foraging (home range) 8.1.5 Refuge, nesting and requirements 8.1.6 Movement and social organization 8.2 Conservation status 8.2.1 International (IUCN/CITES) 8.2.2 National (Wildlife Act 2013, Schedule 6) 8.3 National laws/Regulations/policies and International Obligations 8.4 Habitat and Distribution 8.4.1 Historical distribution of listed species in Kenya 8.4.2 Current distribution 8.4.3 Viable population sizes 8.4.4 Critical habitat suitability for species survival 8.5 Population trends for the listed species 8.5.1 National 8.5.2 Site level 8.6 Threats to the listed species 8.7 Present Site Conservation measures 8.8 Recovery, Management practices and policies 8.8.1 Recovery goals and objectives 8.8.2 Listed species recovery actions 8.8.2.1 Genetic profiling of existing subpopulations 8.8.2.2 Translocation 8.8.2.3 Health monitoring 8.8.2.4 Captive breeding 8.8.2.5 Public awareness 8.8.2.6 Species recovery team 8.9 Implementation 8.9.1 Strategy Implementation matrix 8.9.1 Budget RECOVERY PLANS S/N Species Carnivores Numbers Cats 3 Mongoose 8 Leopard 1 Location Remarks Vulnerable Civet Birds Passarime Vultures NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 209 . . PAGE 210 . :{13 Edit! ham k?ma CHAPTER 7: STATUS OF WILDLIFE UTILIZATION IN KEN Wildlife resources provide non-consumptive and consumptive values, namely, economic benefits, recreation, scientific, ecological and existence needs as well as physical needs (food and other necessities for human survival). Wildlife is a national resource under the Constitution of Kenya. Wildlife user rights are provided for in two broad categories: consumptive and non- consumptive wildlife utilization as outlined in Section 79 and 80 of the WCMA, 2013. The non-consumptive user rights include wildlifebased tourism, commercial photography and cinematography, education, research, cultural and religious purposes, while the consumptive user rights include game farming, game ranching, research involving offtake, live capture, cropping and culling. The coordination, administration and regulation of wildlife utilization are done within a framework of the WCMA, 2013 and other relevant national legislations and relevant wildlife- related multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) Kenya has assented to. This chapter outlines the prevailing legislative and policy framework for wildlife utilization in Kenya, and presents reports the various wildlife utilization activities permitted during the period between 2015- 2017. 7.1 Legislation Section 69 of the Constitution of Kenya obligates the State to ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya. Every person has a right to reasonable access to wildlife resources and to enjoy the benefits accruing from them as provided for by the WCMA, 2013 and other relevant national laws. Various national legislations as required under Section 72 of the Constitution of Kenya are in place for the management of the environment, land and natural resources. These include: 1. The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (amendment) Act 2015 and Environmental Management and Coordination (Conservation of Biological Resources, Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing) Regulations of 2006. 2. The WCMA, 2013 which is presently under review and various amendments are awaiting parliamentary approval. 3. The Forest Conservation and Management Act 2016. 4. Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions Act 2016. 5. The Seed and Plant (amendment) Act 2012. Varieties Act 6. The Biosafety Act (amendment) 2012. 7. The Mining Act 2016 8. The Science, Technology and Innovation Act 2013 9. Intellectual Property Laws: Industrial Property Act 2001, Trade Mark Act Cap 506, Copyright Act 2001, Anti-Counterfeiting Act 2008. 10. Film and Stage Plays Act (amendment) 2012 11. The Water Act, 2016 7.2 Regulations on Wildlife Utilization Various regulations under the WCMA 2013 have been formulated for the better implementation of the WCMA 2013, and in particular, for implementing wildlife utilization programmes. These include regulations for Conservancies and Sanctuaries, Community Participation, PAGE 212 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Licensing and Wildlife User Rights, Activities in National Parks, Mining and Game Trophy Management. The first four have gone through drafting, public participation and validation processes and are awaiting gazettement. The last has been gazetted. 7.3 Policy on Wildlife Utilization The substantive policy for wildlife conservation in Kenya is Sessional Paper No. 3 of 1975 on the policy of wildlife in Kenya. The policy seeks to optimize returns from wildlife from both consumptive and non-consumptive uses. The latter uses have been achieved through maintenance of a system of National Parks, National Reserves and sanctuaries managed by KWS and various County Governments as well as over 160 community and private wildlife conservancies across the country. The vibrant wildlife industry envisaged by this policy under consumptive wildlife utilization could not be realized due to the ban on hunting and dealership in wildlife products which were enacted by parliament in 1977 and 1978, respectively. The enactment of the WCMA of 2013 which has allowed a broad range of wildlife user rights calls for a new policy. 7.4 Multi- lateral Environmental Agreements Section 109 of the WCMA, 2013 makes it a requirement for the Cabinet Secretary to to publish the status of Kenya’s implementation of wildlife- related multi-lateral environmental agreements (MEAs) Kenya is party to. Two MEAs key in wildlife utilization in Kenya are the Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). 7.4.1 CITES CITES aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. This is achieved through a system of permits and international cooperation. As part of implementing CITES decisions during CITES COP 17, party states are required: 1. To ensure that their domestic legislation provides for: i. designation of at least one Management Authority and one Scientific Authority; ii. prohibition of trade in specimens in violation of the Convention; iii. penalizing such trade; or 2. Confiscation specimens illegally traded or possessed. The government has designated KWS as both the Management Authority and the Scientific Authority and the NMK as the Scientific Authority for purposes of implementing CITES. Kenya has largely achieved all these four requirements as shown in Chapter 5. 3. To submit to the Secretariat information on their planned and ongoing projects related to the use of electronic systems and information technologies improving the management of CITES trade. This has been achieved through the ongoing development of web-portal for regulatory agencies of the government that are involved in regulating research and development in the country (see Figure 7.1). KWS participated in a questionnaire survey from the Secretariat on the status of e-permitting in April 2017. KWS is represented in the CITES e- permitting Working Group. Kenya participated in CITES Conference of Parties (COP) 17 in 2016 in South Africa from 24th September to 4th October 2016. Kenya presented several proposals some of which resulted in the listing of various species and passing of decisions on key species including the African elephant, rhinoceros, pangolins, Mt. Kenya bush viper and Kenya horned viper (see Table: 7.1 below). The decisions took effect immediately. NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 213 Table 7.1: Status of proposals to CITES COP 17 1 2 3 Species Kenya’s proposal/ Species within the COP 17 Decision range state Giant pangolin (Manis gigantea), long-tailed pangolin (Manis tetradactyla) and white- tailed pangolin (Manis tricuspis) African elephant (Loxodonta africana) Transfer from App II to App I All 8 species of pangolin were moved to Appendix I Include all populations of African elephant in Appendix I through the transfer from Appendix II to Appendix I of populations of Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe Include genera Rhampholeon spp. and Rieppeleon spp. Appendix II Rejected Include in Appendix II Moved to Appendix II Include in Appendix II Moved to Appendix II Include genus Alopias spp. in Appendix II Moved to Appendix II Include the genus Delbergia spp. in Appendix II Moved to Appendix II 6 Pygmy chameleons (Rhampholeon spp. and Rieppeleon spp.) Ashe’s bush viper (Atheris desaixi) Kenya horned viper (worthingtonii) Thresher sharks (Alopias spp.) 7 Rosewoods (Delbergia spp.) 4 5 7.4.2 CBD The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has three main objectives: 1. the conservation of biological diversity, 2. the sustainable use of the components of biological diversity, and 3. the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. Genetic resources (plant, animal and microorganisms) are used for basic research, and development of products. Users of genetic resources include research institutes, universities, and private companies in various sectors of the economy, namely, pharmaceuticals, horticulture, cosmetics, agriculture and biotechnology. The Nagoya Protocol of the CBD has established new governance systems to provide a transparent and predictable legal framework for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources between resource providers and users. By helping to ensure benefit-sharing, the Nagoya Protocol creates incentives to conserve and sustainably use genetic resources, and therefore enhances the contribution of biodiversity to development and human well-being. Kenya participated in the meetings of the CBD (Conference of PAGE 214 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Moved to Appendix II Parties) COP 13, and of its two protocols- the Nagoya Protocol COP (Meeting of Parties) MOP 2 and Cartagena COP MOP 8 in Cancun, Mexico, from 4th to 17th December 2016. Two key resolutions that came out of these meetings are: 1. On ratification of the Nagoya Protocol and its implementation and on Aichi 16by 2015, all member States to ensure that the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational and consistent with national legislation. 2. Cartegena Protocol- member States to focus on streamlining permitting and licensing to promote utilization of biological resources, especially on sustainable utilization of resources and sustainable development goals. The scope included granting user rights in respect of emerging issues like synthetic biology, digital sequences, commodity trade and biotrade. The country has been able to put in place relevant national legislation (see Section 6.1), set up a regulatory framework and designate competent national authorities for purposes of implementing ABS requirements under the Nagoya protocol. These achievements are seen in the outline of requirements to access genetic resources for research and development in Kenya below and in Figure 7.1: 1. Prior Informed Consent (PIC) from the resource provider (Mutually Agreed Terms + Material Transfer Agreements + detailed proposal) mostly from KWS, Kenya Forest Service, local communities 2. Research Permit from the National Commission for Science Technology and Innovation 3. An access permit from the National Environment Management Authority 4. Export permits from KWS, phytosanitary certificates from Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate, a veterinary health certificate from the Directorate of Veterinary Services, export/ import/ transit certificates from National Biosafety Authority for genetically modified organisms. The existence of an effective ABS institutional and legislative framework is reflected by the number of ABS agreements, the number of technical assistance programmes available for strengthening national ABS programmes, and, potentially, the value of benefits shared. Fig. 7.1: Permitting requirements for accessing biological resources in Kenya NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 215 7.5 Wildlife User Rights Granted A number of licenses were granted for various user rights during the reporting period. These included research and development authorizations, wildlife farms, bio-trade and filming. 7.5.1 Research and Development We have no comprehensive monitoring system. However, mechanisms for monitoring research and development are being developed through the development of a web portal for linking the regulatory institutions to enhance streamlining research and development. Figure 7.2 below shows that approximately 5% of all research projects processed by the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation in 2015/16 were in biological sciences. Figure. 7.2: Research permits applications for various fields of study KWS issued 283 wildlife research authorizations at various levels between 2015 and 2017 as shown in the Table 7.2 below. Table 7.3 shows research and development authorizations subjected to the Nagoya access to genetic resources and sharing of benefits from their utilization (ABS) regulations. Table 7.2: Number of authorizations issued by KWS for wildlife research 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5. Total Level of study 2015 2016 2017 Total Certificate Diploma Undergraduate Masters PhD Post- doctoral 2 2 16 22 14 19 75 5 2 23 30 20 22 102 2 3 18 22 18 43 106 9 7 57 74 52 84 283 PAGE 216 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Project Understanding seasonality of resource use by animals in Amboseli National Park Catherine Badgley P P P P P P Microbial ecology on glacier and its effect to glacier melting in Mt Kenya Dr. Jun Yuu Uetake P P P P P P Ecological and social considerations for endangered species protection in Laikipia and Samburu districts of Kenya Sara Elizabeth Heisel P P P P P P Nutritional strategies of blue monkeys (Cercopithicusmitis) in Kakamega forest Kenya Maressa Takahashi P P P P P P The development, structure and function of social bonds among baboons Joan Barbara Silk P P P P P P Mara Hyena Project Dr. Kay E. Holekamp P P P P P P The Amboseli Baboon Research Project for demography, behaviour and genetics Prof. Susan Alberts P P P P P P Coping with environmental uncertainty, behaviour, morphology, genetics and physiology of African birds Dr. Dustin Reid Rubenstein P P P P P P An analysis of the Nutritional and Mechanical properties of East African Savanna plants and baboon foods Abigael Koppa P P P P P P An ecolocal trap for parasites and its impacts on human disease risk, nutrition and income Dr. Sharon Okanga P P P P P P Monitoring of lion movement in Nairobi National Park Francis Lesilau P P P S S P Analysis of the Nutritional and mechanical properties of east African Savanna plants and baboon food Abigale Koppa P P P P P P Snail related studies of transmission and control of schistosomiasis in Kenya Gerald Mkoji P P P P P P Access Research permits 2017 MTA 2016 MAT 2015 PIC Proponents Year Export permit Table 7.3: Research and Development Projects Key: P - Available S -Not Available NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 217 7.6 Wildlife farming Section 80 of WCMA makes provision for consumptive wildlife user rights, including game farming, game ranching, and live capture, research involving off-take, cropping and culling. There were no permits granted for live capture of wildlife, research involving off-take and culling from the wild during the reporting period. Game farming involves rearing of wildlife in an enclosed and controlled environment for wildlife conservation, trade (commerce) and recreation. The gazettement of regulations on Licensing and Wildlife User Rights will be instrumental in guiding consumptive wildlife user rights. Live capture and sale of animals as well as cropping are practiced by licensed game farming operations. These sales help stock newly licensed game farms and supply the export market with live animals for the pet industry and a range of products. Table 7.4 presents a summary of various wildlife farming operations for trade and where they are located. A number of certificates for legal possession of live animals, mainly small wild birds, and other trophies were also granted during the period as shown in Figure 7.3 below as per the provisions of Section 95 of the WCMA, 2013. Table 7.4: Wildlife farming operations for trade Wildlife farming activity Crocodile farming Tortoise Chameleon Biological organisms for pest control Ostrich Aloe Butterflies Snails Captive keeping for ecotourism No 4 4 2 3 1 4 3 4 >10 Fig. 7.3: Certificates for legal possession of wildlife PAGE 218 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Location Sagana, Kilifi, Baringo, Mombasa Mogotio, Namanga, Kitui Kiambu, Kirinyaga Naivasha, Kiambu Kitengela Kiambu, various self-help groups- Kwale, Laikipia Kitui Kakamega, Kilifi Migori, Kisumu, Nairobi Various location across the country 7.7 Bio-trade This covers both CITES- listed and non- CITES specimens obtained from licensed wildlife farms and those harvested from the wild for research, biomedical or cosmetics development purposes which have been exported from or imported into or re-exported from Kenya with or without monetary value on the specimen. The bulk of the biological materials is traded as exports of products from licensed wildlife farms for trade/commercial purposes. Over threequarters of all trade consisted of exports during the period. Twenty-two percent of the total number of trade permits (import/export/reexport) were for CITES- listed wildlife materials (Table 7.5).   Table 7.5: Summary of wildlife trade permits granted EXPORT CITES Non- CITES EXPORT Total IMPORT CITES Non- CITES IMPORT Total RE-EXPORT CITES Non- CITES RE-EXPORT Total Grand Total 2015 2016 2017 Grand Total 190 1,796 1,986 289 1,936 2,225 297 1,958 2,255 776 5,690 6,466 28 26 25 19 31 27 84 72 54 44 58 156 159 31 190 2,230 100 5 105 2,374 159 27 186 2,499 418 63 481 7,103 An analysis by source of exported wildlife material during the three years reveals that 26.2% was from licensed operations for artificial propagation of plants and 70% from licensed operations for breeding animals in captivity and ranching (Table 7.6). This demonstrates that wildlife farming has the potential to contribute to the economy of the country through creating employment opportunities thereby improving local people’s livelihoods. Exploitation of animal and plant materials from wildlife farming helps ease the pressure of depleting them from their natural habitats. Table 7.6: Source of exported wildlife materials SOURCE 2015 2016 2017 Artificially propagated plants 145 64 126 Animals, parts and derivatives bred in captivity 225 342 288 855 Confiscated or seized specimens 1 1 Pre-Convention specimens 3 3 10 25 59 59 487 1278 Ranched specimens 7 8 Specimens taken from the wild Grand Total 377 414 Grand Total 335 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 219 An analysis of the purposes for trade of the wildlife materials during the reporting period reveals that 87% was for commercial materials that is from captive animal breeding and artificial propagation of plants (Table 7.7). Wildlife farming has the potential to contribute to the economy of the country through creating employment opportunities thereby improving local people’s livelihoods and contributing to the creation of wealth. Exploitation of animal and plant materials from wildlife farming helps ease the pressure of depleting them from their natural habitats. Table 7.7: Purposes of imports/ exports/ re-exports 2015 PURPOSE 2016 2017 Hunting trophy Law enforcement / judicial / forensic Grand Total 1 1 3 1 4 Medical (including biomedical research) 16 37 12 65 Personal 8 14 12 34 1 1 Circus or travelling exhibition Scientific 17 15 16 48 Commercial 336 345 443 1124 1 1 487 1,278 Zoo Grand Total A total of 50,570 live tortoise hatchlings including leopard tortoise, hinge-backed tortoise and pancake tortoises were exported from licensed tortoise farms (see Annex 1). Hong Kong and Taiwan were the main destinations of export. A total of 24,395 live chameleons consisting of various species were exported from licensed chameleon farms (Annex 2). The main export destinations were Germany, Spain and Hong Kong. There was a total of 19,783 Nile crocodile skins exported between 2015 to 2017. These were mainly exported to Singapore (Annex 3). Two kinds of crocodile farming are practiced in Kenya, namely captive breeding which is a closed intensive farming which does not rely on the wild for breeding and ranching which relies on an annual quota of harvesting of wild eggs from the lower Tana River for rearing. The latter form maintains linkages with local people who derive benefits from such harvesting through egg collection fees paid to egg collectors engaged by the licensed farmers, social development projects to the community, collection of levies by the County Government of Tana River and reduction of humancrocodile conflicts. Three crocodile farms were given permits to collect 45,000 crocodile eggs from lower Tana River during the three egg collection seasons between 2015-17. There are three licensed butterfly farmers in the country. Two of these farmers are in Malindi with PAGE 220 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 377 414 a network of out-growers consisting of local members of communities around Arabuko Sokoke Forest Reserve and Shimba Hills National Reserve. The butterfly farming programme not only provides supplemental income to the local participating households but is important in motivating local people to conserve wild vegetation on which butterfly life depends. The live butterfly pupae were exported mainly to the United Kingdom and the USA (Annex 4). Predatory mites, beneficial fungi and beneficial nematodes bred in three licensed game farms constituted the bulk of non-CITES permits granted for trade (commercial) purposes. The demand for these beneficial organisms is on the increase as is demonstrated by the increase in quantities exported between 2015 and 2017 (Annex 5). The continued production and export of bio-control technology to deal with pests in in-door and out-door flower and food crop production is not only environmentally friendly but demonstrates the important link between wildlife resources and other sectors of the economy. The demand for aloe derivatives for manufacture of cosmetic, cultural and pharmaceutical products has been observed. The utilization of commercial aloes is guided by the WCMA, 2013 and other relevant national legislations (see section 1.1 above) as well as the report on the Status and Distribution of Commercial Aloes in Kenya, the Strategy for Conservation and Management of commercial Aloes in Kenya and the Aloe Regulations of 2007 as provided for by the transitional clause 119 (c) of the WCMA, 2013. An upcoming women self- help group in Doldol- Laikipia which is registered to artificially propagate aloe for export has been mainly exporting Aloe secundiflora leaves to Canada, United Kingdom and Japan with the help of a strategic partner (see Annex 6). Aloe gum was obtained from registered aloe farming self-help groups in Kwale through the help of a strategic partner and from controlled wild harvests from West Pokot and parts of Baringo. Regulated trade in aloe promotes sustainable utilization of aloe, competitiveness and improved living standards of the local people. Regions where aloes occurs naturally experience arid or semi- arid climatic conditions and low economic growth and the sustainable utilization of aloe has the potential for incomes for local communities. One licensed company in Kiambu has been engaged in the artificial propagation of Rhipsalis spp and Aloe spp. and re-exporting the same. The starter suckers were initially imported from the Netherlands. During the years 2015, 2016 and 2017, the company exported 2,198,975 and 994,000 unrooted cuttings (stems) of Rhipsalis spp. and Aloe spp., respectively, mainly to the Netherlands (Table 7.8). During the period, 1,543.9 kgs (gross) and 5,000 pieces of fishing flies made from peacock (Pavo cristacus) feathers were re-exported to various countries, with the main destination being the USA. Importing of peacock feathers, Rhipsalis spp. and Aloe spp. For value addition or for propagation for re- export has not only created jobs for local people but enabled economic growth for the country. Table 7.8: Exports and Re- exports select specimens Species/ Specimen Export/ Re-export Description Quan tity 2015 2016 2017 Grand total Aloe secundiflora Export Rhipsalis spp. Re- export Gum Leaves Stems (unrooted cuttings) Stems (unrooted cuttings) Feathers on fishing flies kgs pcs pcs 15,980 1,110 1,436,97 5 - 286,970 680 185,000 280,056 370 577,000 583,006 2,430 2,198,975 50,000 944,000 994,000 318.13 755.36 470.31 1,543.8 2,500 - 2,500 5,000 Aloe spp. Pavo cristacus (peacock) Re- export pcs Kgs (gross) Pcs NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 221 7.8 Filming Commercial photography and cinematography in National Parks is governed by the Film and Stage Plays Act and the WCMA, 2013. A total K Sh 3,051,600 was generated during the period 2015-2017 out of 224. Filming Authorities were issued for filming and cinematography in KWS- managed Parks (Table 7.9). Amboseli, Nairobi and Tsavo East National Parks were top ranking destinations for commercial filming/ photography among KWS- managed Parks and Reserves. Table 7.9: Filming Authorities granted for different National Parks Park 2015 2016 2017 Total 13 1 1 3 1 1 1 5 7 3 1 37 1 14 6 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 1 27 2 1 1 1 13 7 2 89 2 23 1 9 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 4 1 21 3 14 8 2 98 3 50 2 16 2 1 1 1 6 3 6 6 1 8 3 1 53 5 1 1 1 34 18 5 224 Aberdare Amboseli Chyulu Hills Hell’s Gate Kakamega Forest Kisite Mpunguti Marine Kiunga Marine Kora Lake Nakuru Malindi Marine Meru Mombasa Marine Mt. Elgon Mt. Kenya Mt. Longonot Mwea Nairobi Nairobi Animal Orphanage Ol Donyo Sabuk Safari Walk Sibiloi Tsavo East Tsavo west Watamu Marine Total Filming Authorities issued 7.9 Wildlife conservancies The WCMA, 2013 identifies conservancies as a land use. Section 80 provides for the CS to grant a general permit for non-consumptive user rights including cinematography and photography, wildlife-based tourism, tourism, research and cultural uses after registration by the relevant PAGE 222 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 CWCCC. There are 160 wildlife conservancies that have been in existence and operational before the enactment of WCMA 2013. The Regulations that are envisaged to help govern wildlife conservancies (Conservancies, Wildlife Associations and Wildlife Managers) as required by WCMA 2013 are awaiting gazettement. The wildlife conservancies are set to be licensed when the regulations become gazetted. 7.10 Mining The Mining Act, 2016 vests the powers to access, regulate and control prospecting and mining activities in the Commissioner of Mines. This Act excludes all wildlife protected areas (National Parks, National Reserves and wildlife conservancies and sanctuaries) unless conformity with the WCMA 2013. The WCMA requires any person who would like to mine or quarry to obtain approval and consent of the Service. The Service shall only approve and give consent for mining and quarrying where: a) the area does not contain endangered or threatened species; b) the area is not a critical habitat and ecosystem for wildlife; c) the area is not an important catchment area or source of springs; d) an environmental impact assessment has been carried in accordance with EMCA, 2015; e) approval has been obtained in accordance with the appropriate law regulating mining; and, f) a bond to rehabilitate the site upon completion of the operation has been executed. Mining in protected areas was suspended on several occasions in the 80’s due to environmental concerns and increased incidences of poaching. An inter-ministerial committee was set up to look into the mining in protected areas in 1990s to guide the government. Several recommendations were made, including only serious miners who had invested to be allowed back in the park and additional regulations be developed to address the issues of insecurity and mitigation of environmental concerns. A caveat was placed, as recommendation by the interministerial committee, no new claims will be allowed in the National parks. At present, there are six mining companies licensed to mine in Tsavo West National Park. These mining companies were in existence in the 1980’s prior to the suspension of mining in protected areas due to environmental concerns and increased incidences of poaching. More requests for consent to mine in Tsavo West continue to be received. Exploration and extraction of oil or gas in National Parks requires the consent of the Cabinet Secretary and prior approval of the National Assembly. 7.11 Government game trophies The WCMA, 2013 outlines government game trophies as any trophy found without an owner, any animal found dead or killed by accident or mistake, any animal killed in defense of life or in other circumstances authorized by or under this Act, any animal or trophy in respect of which a breach of any of the provisions of this Act or any animal killed by a member of the Service in the course of duty. Prior to the ban in hunting and dealership in wildlife products in 1977 and 1978, respectively, all government trophies were quantified in monetary terms and were part of Government revenue to the exchequer. However, after the bans, the trophies no longer generate any revenue to the exchequer. At present the focus is on securing government trophies of critical concern, especially, elephant ivory and rhino horns. Kenya Wildlife Service has put in place an elaborate and prudent management system for the ever- accumulating stockpile. 7.11.1 Elephant ivory and rhinoceros horns stocks The WCMA, 2013 mandates KWS to conduct annual audit government game trophies in her possession and publish in the government gazette. Table 7.10 presents a summary of quantities of elephant ivory and rhinoceros horns in the custody of KWS. NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 223 Table 7.10: Elephant ivory and rhinoceros horns in KWS custody Stock in stores 2015 2016 2017 Elephant ivory Rhino horn Qtty (kgs) 135,784.00 40,176.15 Qtty (kgs) 1,515.90 364.9 55,883.3 419.29 7.11.2 Disposal The government has had two disposals through burning during the report period to send a strong signal and a statement to the world, that poaching was a penance and was wiping out the country’s heritage. Both occasions were presided over by H.E, The President Hon. Uhuru Kenyatta. a. 3rd March 2015- 15 tonnes on the occasion to mark the 3rd World Wildlife Day b. 30th April 2016, 105,037.13 kg elephant ivory and 1,350 kg rhino horns. PAGE 224 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 7.11.3 Electronic system of game trophy management The implementation of an electronic game trophy stockpile management system (ESMS) in 21 key Stations and Parks is on course. The ESMS will strengthen the manual management system that has been operational for many years.   Annex 1: Captive- bred live tortoise hatchlings exported Year Country Quantity (pcs) 2015 Germany 160 Great Britain 65 Hong Kong 6,520 Japan 30 Malaysia 100 Pakistan 330 Singapore 10 Taiwan 2,160 Sub-total 9,375 2016 Sub-total 2017 Sub-total Grand Total PAGE 226 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Czechoslovakia Germany Spain Great Britain Ghana Hong Kong Japan Pakistan Singapore Malaysia Taiwan China Germany Hong Kong Japan Korea Malaysia Netherlands Poland Spain Taiwan Thailand UAE United Kingdom Vietnam 170 1,655 700 110 30 6,920 125 350 30 250 1,400 11,740 1,400 800 22,055 30 68 260 125 700 300 5,946 156 100 300 15 29,455 50,570 Annex 2: Captive- bred live chameleons exported Year Country 2015 Canada Germany Spain Great Britain Hong Kong Japan Netherlands Singapore Taiwan USA Sub- total 2016 China Germany Spain Great Britain Hong Kong Japan Taiwan Sub- total 2017 Canada United Kingdom Germany Hong Kong Japan Netherlands Chameleon Spain Taiwan United Kingdom USA Sub-total Grand total Quantity (pcs) 180 1,240 1,200 480 1,273 270 315 10 830 285 6,083 120 2,040 2,050 734 3,276 400 624 9,244 125 180 2,233 2,580 180 780 50 1,000 250 700 890 9,068 24,395 Annex 3: Nile crocodile skins exported Year Country 2015 Korea Singapore Sub- total 2016 Korea Singapore Sub- total 2017 Italy Korea Singapore Zimbabwe Sub- total Total Quantity (pcs) 904 5,600 6,504 1,459 4,000 5,459 120 1,000 6,200 500 7,820 19,783 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 227 Annex 4: Live butterfly pupae exported to various countries Year Destination Species name Quantity (pcs) country 2015 Belgium Gynanisa maja 20 Ethiopia Papilio dardanus 20 Papilio demodolus 20 Papilio nireus 10 France Charaxes brutus 100 Hypolimas Montaronis 100 Papilio Jacksonii 100 Papilio nireus 100 Papilio Pardanus 100 United Amauris spp 55 Kingdom Argema spp 1020 Charaxes spp 10924 Euxanthe spp 3706 Graphium spp 4884 Hypolimas spp 9009 Junonia spp 50 Papilio dardanus 25 Papilio demodolus 25 Papilio phoicas 25 Papilio spp 5744 Netherlands Argema mimosae 150 Epiphora mythimnia 58 Graphium spp 10 Gynanisa maja 72 Hypolimas spp 200 Papilio Dardanus 200 Papilio phsicas 200 2016 France Argema Mimosae 150 Charaxes spp 2000 Nymphalid spp 600 Papilionid spp 1800 Saturniid spp 400 United Argema spp 1112 Kingdom Charaxes spp 20203 Graphium Spp 10864 Hypolimnus spp 27,384 Papilio spp 36,270 Japan Charaxes spp 80 Nymphalid spp 20 Netherlands Papilio dardanus 3340 Papilio phorcus 3508 Papilio nireus 350 Papilio parhassus 350 Turkey Argema mimosae 700 Catopsilia florella 200 Charaxes spp 2970 PAGE 228 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 mixed species Grand total 20 50 500 29,723 890 4950 64,183 100 7548 15700 Year Destination country USA 2017 Canada United Kingdom Netherlands Saudi Arabia Turkey Species name Graphium spp Hypolimnus spp Junonia oenone Papilio spp Salamis spp Saturniid spp Charaxes spp Lepideptora Nymphalid spp Papilio spp Saturnid spp Argema mimosae Charaxes spp Epiphora mythimnia Graphium antheus Junonia oenone Papilio spp Argema spp Charaxes spp Hypolimnus spp Papilio spp Salamis spp Charaxes spp Nymphalid spp Papilionid spp Saturniid spp Byblia anvatara Catopsilia florella Charaxes Spp Danaus chrysippus Hypolimnus misippus Papilio demodocus Argema mimosa Belenois creona Catopsilia florella Charaxes Cithaeron Charaxes pythodoris Charaxes varanes Graphium angolanus Graphium antheus Graphium colonae Junonia oenone spp Papilio constantinus Papilio dardanus Papilio nireus Papilio ophidicephalus Quantity (pcs) 2200 1270 490 6500 950 420 46000 6900 13800 4500 1000 200 120 70 50 60 440 450 2900 950 4600 2880 750 750 750 750 100 760 2200 100 100 3100 700 100 200 2750 50 120 800 1400 1200 220 600 2100 2120 1000 mixed species Grand total 71300 940 11780 3000 6360 11470 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 229 Year Destination country USA Species name Quantity (pcs) Charaxes spp Nymphalid spp Papilionid spp Saturniid spp Mixed butterfly species Grand Total 12525 4125 11325 2895 mixed species Grand total 30870 259,384 Annex 5: Bio-control organisms bred and exported to various countries1 Year 2015 Destination country Belgium Canada Description Species name Predatory mite Predatory mite Denmark Predatory miniwasps Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis Amblyseius andersoni Amblyseius californicus Phytoseiulus persimilis Diglyphus isaea Denmark Ethiopia United Kingdom Morocco Netherlands Rwanda Turks and Caicos Islands Tanzania Uganda Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory mites Beneficial fungi Bio-nematicide, bio-fungicide, bio- fertilizer Predatory mites Beneficial nematodes Bio-nematicide, bio-fungicide, bio- fertilizer Predatory mites Predatory mites Beneficial fungi Beneficial fungi 1 50 50 Phytoseiulus persimilis Steinernema Feltiae 750 Trichoderma asperellum 100 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 2,000,000 20,000,000 40,100,000 36,000,000 592,000,000 208,000,000 481,000,000 997,000,000 1,483,000,000 1,367,000,000 1,372,000,000 638,000,000 214,000,000 60,000,000 Phytoseiulus persimilis Phytoseiulus persimilis Arbuscular mycorhizae Paecilomicus Lilacinus Quantity in Pcs 100,000,000 188,000,000 32,000,000 234,000,000 20,100,000 Neoseiulus californicus Neoseiulus cucumeris Phytoseiulus persimilis Amblyseius Andersoni Amblyseius californicus Amblyseius cucumeris Amblyseius Swirskii Phytoseiulus persimilis Amblyseius californicus Amblyseius cucumeris Amblyseius swirskii Phytoseiulus persimilis Phytoseiulus persimilis Paecilomyces lilacinus Trichoderma asperellum More beneficial organisms have been sold locally. PAGE 230 Quantity in Kgs 500,000 1,000,000 100 100 Year Destination country USA South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe Description Species name Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis Amblyseius andersoni Amblyseius californicus Amblyseius cucumeris Amblyseius Swirskii Beauvaria Bassiana Neoseiulus californicus Neoseiulus cucumeris Paecilomyces lilacinus Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Phytoseiulus persimilis Beneficial fungi Predatory mites Predatory mites Beneficial fungi Beneficial nematodes Predatory mites Beneficial nematodes Bio-nematicide, bio-fungicide, bio- fertilizer Beneficial fungi Predatory mites Predatory mites Beneficial fungi Beneficial fungi Predatory mites Beneficial fungi Predatory mites Beneficial nematodes Bio-nematicide, bio-fungicide, bio- fertilizer 2016 Belgium Beneficial fungi Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory miniwasps Predatory mites Canada Denmark Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory miniwasps Quantity in Kgs Quantity in Pcs 200,000,000 75,000,000 71,000,000 94,000,000 3,000,000 5850 240,000,000 120,000,000 5550 8300 694,500,000 8750 Steinernema feltiae 10,350 Trichoderma asperellum Vertiallium lecanii Neoseiulus californicus Phytoseiulus persimilis Vertiallium lecanii Beauvaria bassiana Neoseiulus californicus Neoseiulus cucumeris Paecilomicus lilacinus Phytoseiulus persimilis 4850 500 10,000,000 20 350 20,500,000 30,000,000 300 12,000,000 Steinernema feltiae 50 Trichoderma asperellum Trichoderma harrianum Vertiallium lecanii Amblyseius californicus Amblyseius cucumeris 600 250 350 Diglyphus isaea Phytoseiulus persimilis Amblyseius californicus Amblyseius andersoni Amblyseius cucumeris Amblysieus andersonii Hypuasps miles Phytoseiulus persimilis Amblyseius californicus Diglyphus isaea 78,000,000 6,300,0000 42,000,000 76,000,000 162,000,000 115,000,000 22,000,000 8.000,000 20,000,000 281,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 231 Year Destination country Ethiopia United Kingdom Italy Morocco Netherlands PAGE 232 Description Predatory bugegg and lava of leaf mining moths Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory mites Beneficial nematodes Predatory mites Beneficial fungi Beneficial fungi Predatory mites Bio-nematicide, bio-fungicide, bio- fertilizer Beneficial fungi Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory miniwasps Predatory mites Beneficial fungi Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory insect Species name Quantity in Kgs Nesidiocoris tenuis Phytoseiulus persimilis Amblyseius californicus Amblyseius cucumeris Amblyseius swirskii Beauvaria bassiana Hypuasps miles Lecanicillium lecanii Paecilomyces lilacinus Phytoseiulus persimilis Trichoderma asperellum Verticillium lecanii Neoseiulus californicus Amblyseius californicus Amblyseius cucumeris Amblyseius swirskii Amblysieus califonicus Amblyseius cucumeris Diglyphus isaea Phytoseiulus persimilis Paecilomyces lilacinus Neoseiulus cucumeris Amblysieus califonicus Amblyseius cucumeris Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Quantity in Pcs 200,000,000 20,000,000 824,000,000 451,000,000 556000000 2450 1,000,000 500 2,000 977,004,000 1600 3050 28,000,000 733,000,000 14,000,000 8,000,000 20,000,000 20,000,000 20,000,000 70,000,000 100 20,000,000 190,000,000 230,000,000 20,000,000 Rwanda Predatory miniwasps Predatory mites Beneficial nematode Predatory mites Beneficial nematodes Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis 2,000,000 Uganda Predatory mites Amblysieus califonicus 30,000,000 Predatory mites Amblyseius cucumeris 31,000,000 Predatory mites Hypuasps miles 25,000,000 Beneficial fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Diglyphus isaea Hypuasps miles Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Phytoseiulus persimilis Steinernema feltiae 65,000,000 160,000,000 1650 210000000 1150 1700 Year Destination country Description Species name Beneficial nematodes Predatory mites Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Beneficial nematodes Bio-nematicide, bio-fungicide, bio- fertilizer Beneficial fungi USA South Africa Predatory mites Predatory mites Bio-nematicide, bio-fungicide, bio- fertilizer Beneficial nematodes Predatory insect Predatory miniwasps Beneficial fungi Predatory bugegg and lava of leaf mining moths Beneficial fungi Beneficial nematodes Predatory mites Beneficial nematodes Bio-nematicide, bio-fungicide, bio- fertilizer Beneficial fungi Zambia Quantity in Kgs Quantity in Pcs 600 Phytoseiulus persimilis 10,000,000 Steinernema feltiae 1,200 Trichoderma Asperellum 2,000 Trichoderma harzianum 200 Amblyseius californicus 120,000,000 Amblyseius cucumeris 150,000,000 Hypuasps miles 120000000 Neoseiulus californicus 120,000,000 Neoseiulus cucumeris 140,000,000 Amblyseius californicus 297,000,000 Amblyseius andersoni 33,000,000 Amblyseius cucumeris 3,000,000 Arbuscular mycorrhiza 1,500 Beavaria bassiana Cryptolaemus montrouzieri 9,500 60,000,000 Diglyphus isaea Metarhizium anisopliae 3,000,000 500 Nesidiocoris tenuis Paecilomyces lilacinus Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita 40,000,000 10,000 11,500 Phytoseiulus persimilis 44,000,000 Steinernema feltiae 10,500 Trichoderma asperellum 12,500 Trichoderma harzianum 1,000 Beneficial fungi Verticillium lecanii 1,000 Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus Beneficial fungi Beauvaria bassiana 20,000,000 1,500 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 233 Year Destination country Zimbabwe Description Species name Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis Beneficial nematodes Predatory mites Steinernema feltiae Amblyseius californicus 60,000,000 Predatory mites Amblyseius cucumeris 60,000,000 Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 20,000,000 Beneficial fungi Beauvaria bassiana Predatory miniwasps Predatory mites Diglyphus isaea 20,000,000 Hypuasps miles 20,000,000 Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 60,000,000 Beneficial fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis Beneficial nematodes Bio-nematicide, bio-fungicide, bio- fertilizer Beneficial fungi 2017 Belgium Canada Ethiopia 20,000,000 1,500 6,200 7,100 112,000,000 Steinernema feltiae 1,500 Trichoderma asperellum 7,250 Trichoderma harzianum 750 Verticillium lecanii Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 52,000,000 Amblyseius andersoni 4,000,000 Amblyseius californicus 12,000,000 Phytoseiulus persimilis 51,000,000 Amblyseius californicus 3,000,000 Amblyseius andersoni 27,000,000 Amblyseius cucumeris 9,000,000 Phytoseiulus persimilis 69,000,000 Amblyseius californicus 178,000,000 Predatory mites Predatory mites Predatory mites 4,200 Amblyseius andersoni 6,000,000 Amblyseius cucumeris 124,000,000 Amblyseius swirskii 67,000,000 Phytoseiulus persimilis 190,000,000 Trichoderma asperellum Verticillium lecanii 1,000 800 Amblyseius californicus 190,000,000 Amblyseius cucumeris 1,000,000 Hypuasps miles 5,000,000 Phytoseiulus persimilis Beneficial PAGE 234 Quantity in Pcs Beneficial fungi Bio-nematicide, bio-fungicide, bio- fertilizer Beneficial fungi United Kingdom Quantity in Kgs NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Steinernema feltiae 173,000,000 100 Year Destination country Description Species name Quantity in Kgs Quantity in Pcs nematodes Italy Netherlands USA Phytoseiulus persimilis Predatory miniwasps Predatory mites 40,000,000 Diglyphus isaea 50,000 Hypuasps miles 20,000,000 Neoseiulus Cucumeris 20,000,000 Phytoseiulus persimilis 50,000,000 Beneficial nematodes Predatory mites Steinernema feltiae Amblyseius californicus 60,000,000 Predatory mites Amblyseius cucumeris 150,000,000 Predatory mites Hypuasps miles 60,000,000 250 Neoseiulus cucumeris 50,000 Neoseiulus californicus South Africa 150,000,000 Predatory mites Amblyseius californicus 40,020,000 Predatory mites Amblyseius cucumeris 63,000,000 Beneficial fungi Beavaria bassiana Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Predatory insect Predatory bugegg and lava of leaf mining moths Beneficial fungi Beneficial nematodes Predatory mites Beneficial nematodes Bio-nematicide, bio-fungicide, bio- fertilizer Beneficial fungi Predatory mites Zambia Zimbabwe 50,000 Phytoseiulus persimilis Beneficial nematodes Beneficial nematodes Beneficial nematodes Predatory mites Predatory mites 1,600 400,000,000 Nesidiocoris tenuis Paecilomyces lilacinus Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita 400,000,000 2,000 1,500 Phytoseiulus persimilis 188,000,000 Steinernema feltiae 2,000 Trichoderma asperellum 2,000 Trichoderma harzianum 500 Verticillium lecanii 1,600 Beauvaria bassiana Heterorhabditis bacteriophora 1,000 Steinernema feltiae 1,000 500 Amblyseius californicus 40,000,000 Amblyseius cucumeris 20,000,000 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 235 Year Destination country Description Species name Beneficial fungi Beavaria bassiana Beneficial fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis Beneficial nematodes Bio-nematicide, bio-fungicide, bio- fertilizer Predatory mites PAGE 236 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Steinernema feltiae Trichoderma asperellum Verticillium lecanii Quantity in Kgs Quantity in Pcs 100 1,000 40,000,000 700 1,500 600 FINANCIAL STATUS 2 017 PAGE 237 In the 2015/2016 financial year the largest budgetary allocation of government funding went to Education both in terms of recurrent and development expenditure taking 38.2% and 57.4% respectively. During this period, KWS wasallocated Ksh 3.8 billion which besides normal recurrent expenditure targeted three main areas- (a) to raise ranger coverage area to 1 ranger per 16Km2; (b) to reduce poaching incidences countrywide by 40% and (c) increase wildlife population by 10%. Environmental protection which included wildlife and Forestry was equally catered for in the budget but at the middle tire of it as Table 8.1 shows. In the 2016/2017 funding for global goals- The wildlife sector was highlighted under 2 goals-thus goal number 14 and 15. Goal number 14 stated “Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and Marine resources for sustainable development”. Goal number 15 stated “protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. These two goals together with goal number 13 (take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts) was given an allocation of Ksh 4.653 billion. However half year analysis of expenditure to Gross estimates showed that the Environmental protection, water and natural resources had an absorption rate of 24% for recurrent and 14% for development. Table 8.1: COFOG* Classification **Compensation to Employees Other Recurrent Expenditures Total % 0f recurrent Spending 225.04 76.19 74.56 69.42 299.60 145.61 38.2 18.6 67.63 72.63 44.84 32.37 112.47 105.00 14.3 13.4 33.23 18.47 10.23 25.44 10.05 6.81 58.67 28.52 17.04 7.5 3.6 2.2 5.12 3.42 4.19 1.62 9.31 5.04 1.2 0.6 1.36 1.59 2.95 0.4 513.32 270.88 784.20 100 1. Education 2. General public service 3. Defense 4. Public Order and safety 5 Economic Affairs 6.Health 7. Environmental Protection 8. Social protection 9. Housing and community amenities 10. Recreation, culture and Arts Recurrent Spending PAGE 238 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Table 8.2 COFOG Classification 1. Economic Affairs 2. General Public Service 3. Environmental Protection 4. Education 5 Health 6. Housing and community amenities 7. Social protection 8. Public Order and safety 9. Recreation, culture and Arts 10. Defense Recurrent Spending GoK Funding (Including local A/A) External Funding Amount % 0f Development Spending 161. 16 99.50 252.68 33.77 413.84 133.27 57.4 18.5 17.07 26.66 43.73 6.1 32.20 11.64 15.09 4.46 19.02 13.47 36.66 30.66 28.56 5.1 4.3 4.0 13.31 15.16 2.27 0.15 15.58 15.31 2.2 2.1 3.50 0.14 3.64 0.5 0.00 368.63 0.04 352.66 0.04 721.29 0.0 100 In the 2016/2017 budget allocation the Ministry of Education again got the highest allocation of Ksh 339biliion while the sector under Environmental Protection (Ministry of water, Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and RDAs and Ministry of Mining) received an allocation of 92.9b. The Ministry Of Environment, Natural resources and RDAs under which the wildlife sector (together with KFS and KFRI) is housed received an allocation of 26billionrepresenting 1% of the total Government Budget of Ksh 2479.4 billion 8.1 Financial function of the service The financial functions of the service are enumerated in Part II- Establishment of the Service section 7 (d) and (e). Section 7 (d) states- promote or undertake commercial and other activities for the purpose of achieving sustainable wildlife conservation. Section 7 (e) states-collect revenue and charges due to the national government from wildlife and, as appropriate, develop mechanisms for benefit sharing with communities living in wildlife areas 8.2 Financial Provisions Are covered under Part III- Financial Provision Section 14- the funds of the service shall comprise of – a. (a) Such money as may be approved and allocated to the service by the National Assembly as part of the budget process; b. (b) Such money or proceeds from investments as may vest in the service from the performance of the duties; and c. (c) Any sum lent or donated to the service revenue from joint partnership on bioprospecting NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 239 Table 8.3 INCOME KWS A-in-A GoK Subvention- Recurrent GoK Subvention- Development Grants (Development partners) 2015-2016 KSH.000 2,822,613 754,681 360,950 1,376,533 2016-2017 KSH.000 3,034,421 1,380,827 733,000 1,025,123 2017-2018 KSH.000 3,131,446 2,380,827 893,380 1,329,137 Kenya Roads Board KeNHA/SGR Funds OVERALL INCOME 500,000 2,693,940 8,508,717 866,871 894,100 7,934,342 1,151,287 0 8,886,077 RECURRENT EXPENDITURE Salaries, allowances and benefits Operating and maintenance expenses Total Capital Expenditure Depreciation TOTAL EXPENDITURE SURPLUS / (DEFICIT) 4,052,408 2,685,772 1,270,537 500,000 8,508,717 - 4,199,520 2,702,957 1,495,327 1,100,000 9,497,804 (1,563,462) 4,526,830 3,462,042 1,774,010 1,120,000 10,882,882 (1,996,805) Table 8.4 Item Donor agencies Donations GoK Subvention 2015 452,953,000 240,075,000 3,186,758,000 3,879,789,000 Table 8.5 2015 Donor agencies expected Received 45295300 PAGE 240 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Donations remarks Expected Received 240075000 GoK Expected received 318675800 During the said period the organization raised revenue through various means as indicated in the table 8.6 below Table 8.6 No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2015/2016 2,084,000,000 208,067,000 and 169,789,000 Park Entry Fees Rental income Hire of aircrafts vehicles Tuition Fees-KWSTI Training services Accommodation and hire of training facilitiesKWSTI Insurance compensation Airwing sales KWS shops KWS officers Mess Telecommunication facilities Other miscellaneous income Total 2016/2017 95, 331,000 47, 9433,000 47,794,000 24,234,000 2,2614,000 18,331,000 11,996,000 5,496,000 94,289,000 2,866,279,000 During the reporting period the disbursement to the various areas was Table 8.7 No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 2015 Salaries and allowances 3,146,147,000 Leave pay accrual 106,893,000 Gratuity contribution, 252,682,000 pension and NSSF Passage and leave expenses 57,191,000 Medical expenses 247,925,000 Operating and maintenance 2,946,257,000 expenses Total 6757095200 Deficit 3890816200 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 241 8.3 Budget of Conservancies In the year 2016 the 35 member conservancies had an operating budget of Ksh 862,807,701 and employed a total of 938 persons. The table 8.8 below shows the number of conservancies under each county (under NRT management) and the total operating budget per county. Table 8.8 No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 County Baringo Garissa Isiolo Laikipia Lamu Marsabit Meru Samburu Tana Turkana West Pokot Total No of conservancies 1 1 5 4 4 4 1 7 2 4 2 There are 245 species listed in the sixth schedule which cut across different species both terrestrial and marine. The major threat presently facing conservation in the country is encroachment into conservation areas. This is manifested in the form of direct loss of land, change in land use and introduction of negative attributes into conservation areas ( invasive species, pollutants etc) and interfering with attributes that maintain systems in the conservation areas (massive water PAGE 242 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 Operating Budget 2015/2016 2016/2017 9,488,466 37, 458,277 73,786,681 75,038,229 145,123,316 77,019,461 23800,990 160,624,493 63,688,470 131,186,212 65,593,106 862,807,701 abstraction). Although considerable effort has been expended and successfully to secure large species such as the Elephant and Rhino similar such species are facing severe pressure and can easily be decimated. These include the greater Kudu, Lelwel hartebeest, Roan Antelope (17 remaining), Sable Antelope (41 remaining). This situation is more precarious with birds, fish (has been the most affected), turtles and small wildlife species ANNEXES Annex I IUCN Endangered Species List No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Common name Abbott”s Starling Aberdare Cisticola Aberdare Mole Shrew African White-backed Vulture African Gray Parrot African Skimmer Amani sunbird Asian Dowwitcher Basra Red Warbler Black Crowned-crane Black-tailed Godwit Blue swallow Buff-breasted Sandpiper Chapin”s Flycatcher Chestnut-banded Plover Clarke”s Weaver Corncrake Denham Bustard East Coast Akalat Egyptian Vulture Eurasian Curlew Eurasian Peregrine Falcon Fischers Turaco Gray-crested Helmet-shrike Great Snipe Greater Spotted Eagle Hinde”s Pied-babbler Jackson”s Widowbird Karamoja Apalis Lappet-faced Vulture Lesser Flamingo Lesser Kestrel Maccoa Duck Madagascar Pond heron Madagascar Pranticole Malindi Pipit Morden”s Owlet Pallid harrier Papyrus gonolek Papyrus yellow warbler Plain-backed Sunbird Ring-necked Francolin Rueppell’s Vulture Scientific Name NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 243 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 PAGE 244 Saker Falcon Semi-collard Flycatcher Sharpe”s Longclaw Shoebill Sokoke Pipit Southern Banded Snake-eagle Spotted Ground thrush Taita Apalis Taita Falcon Taita Thrush Turner”s Eremomela White-headed Vulture White-winged Collared Dove MAMMALS Ader”s Duiker African Elephant African Golden cat African Lion African White-Bellied Pangolin Arrogant Shrew Barbour”s Vlei Rat Beisa Oryx Black and Rufous Elephant Shrew Black Rhinoceros Eastern Mountain Bongo Cheetah Common Hippopotamus Decken”s Horseshoe Bat Delectable furred Mouse Dugong East African highland Shrew East African Collard Fruit Bat Gerenuk Giant Ground Pangolin Giant Thicket Rat Golden-rumped Elephant Shrew Grevy”s Zebra Hildergarde”s Tomb Bat Hunter”s Antelope Indo-pacific Hump-backed Dolphin Jackson”s Mongoose Large-eared Free-tailed Bat Lesser Kudu Mountain Dwarf Galago Mt. kenya Mole Shrew Smoky White-toothed Shrew Sokoke Bushy-Tailed Mongoose NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Straw-coloured Fruit Bat Stripped Hyaena Stripped Roundleaf Bat Taita Shrew Tana River Mangabey Tana River red colobus Monkey Tanzania Vlei Rat Temnick”s Ground Pangolin Thomsons”s Gazelle White Rhinoceros FISHES Barbus Sp. Nov. Nzoia Bigeye Tuna Black-blotched Stingray Blacksaddled Coral Grouper Blackspot Shark Bowmouth guitarfish Brindle Bass Brown-marbled Grouper Bumphead Parrotfish Camouflage Grouper Ctenochromis aff. pectoralis Dwarf Bigeye Scraper Estuary Cod Ewaso Nyiro Labeo Giant Guitarfish Giant Wrasse Graham Cichlid Gray Nurse Shark Great White Shark Hammerhead Shark Haplochromis sp. Nov amboseli Haplochromis acidens Haplochromis argenteus Haplochromis cavifrons Haplochromis chilotes Haplochromis chromogynos Haplochromis granti Haplochromis bayoni Haplochromis heusinkveldi Haplochromis ishmaeli Haplochromis lividus Haplochromis Maculipinna Haplochromis maxillaris Haplochromis megalops Haplochromis nuchisquamulatus Haplochromis obliquidens NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 245 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 PAGE 246 Haplochromis paropius Haplochromis phytophagus Haplochromis prodromus Haplochromis sauvagei Haplochromis serranus Haplochromis spekii Haplochromis victorianus Hardnose Shark Harpagochromis sp. Nov “frogmouth” Labeo sp. Nov Baomo Labeo sp. Nov. Mzima Labeo sp. Nov trigliceps Lagynias pallidiflora Lake Magadi Tilapia Lake Victoria Deepwater Catfish Macropleurodus bicolor Malabar Grouper Marcusenius sp. nov Malindi Marcusenius sp. nov Turkwell Marcusenius victoriae Northobranchius bojiensis Northobranchius elongatus Northobranchius interruptus Northobranchius sp. nov Lake Victoria Northobranchius patrizili Northobranchius willerti Oceanic Whitetip Shark Oreochromis andersonii Oreochromis esculentus Oreochromis hunteri Oreochromis jipe Oreochromis variabilis Paralabidochromis victoriae Platyaeniodus degeni Porcupine Ray Ptyochromis sp. nov “rainbow sheller” Ptyochromis sp. nov “rusinga oral sheller” Pundamilia nyerere Rhabdalestes leleupe Roving Coralgrouper Spotted Eagle Ray Synodontis victoriae INSECTS NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Chlorocnemis pauli Chlorocnemis abboti Chlorocypha jacksoni Coryphagrion Montane Dancing-jewel Notogomphus maathaiae Onychogomphus styx Pseudagrion bicoerulans Red jungle-Skimmer Seychelles Fineliner Thermochoria jeanneli REPTILES Crevice Tortoise Turkana Mud Turtle AMPHIBIANS Du Toits Torrent Frog Forest Banana Frog Irangi River frog Jozani River frog Lonnbergs Toad Sagala Caecilian Shimba Hills Reed Frog Tigoni Reed frog Plants Afrocarpus usambarensis Allophylus zimmermannianus Aloe ballyi Angylocalyx braunii Aristogeitonia monophylla Baphia keniensis Bauhinia mombassae Bread palm Bread Palm Brown mahogany Brucea macrocarpa Buxus obtusifolia Camptolepis ramifora Canthium robynsianum Canthium kilifiensis Canthium keniense Cephalosphaera usambarensis Chytranthus obliquinervis Coffea fadenii Coffea pseudozanquebariea Colpodium chionogeiton Colpodium hedbergii Combretum chaetocarpa NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 247 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 PAGE 248 Combretum tenuipetiolatum Cynometra lukei Cynometra suaheliensis Cynometra webberi Dasylepis integra Deschampsia angusta Dialium holtzii Dicraeopetalum stipulare Diospyros amanuensis Diospyros greemwayi Diospyros shiambaensis Diphasiopsis fadeni Entandrophragma angolense Erythrina sacleuxii Euphorbia cussinioides Euphorbia tanaensis Euphorbia wakefieldii Fig tree Gardenia transvenulosa Gigasiphon macrosiphon Holmskiodia gigas Julbernardia magnistipulata Kola nut Kola Nut Kraussia speciosa Lettowianthus stellatus Macaranga conglomerate Memecylon teitense Micrococci scariosa Mildbraedia carpinifolia Mimusops riparia Mkilua fragrans Moringa arborea Multidentia sclerocarpa Newtonia paucijuga Ocotea argylei Ocotea kenyensis Ouratea schusteri Oxystigma msoo Pandanus kajui Pavetta linearifolia Pavetta tarennoides Polyscias kikuyuensis Populous ilicifolia Premna maxima Psychotria alsophilia NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 70 Psychotria crassipetala 71 Psychotria petitii 72 Psychotria pseudoplatyphylla 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Psydrax faulknerae Pycnocoma littoralis Rosewood Rothmannia macrosiphon Rushfoil Rytigynia eickii Sapium triloculare Sclerocarya gillettii Sorindela calantha Sterculia schliebenii Strychnos mellodora Stuhlmannia moavi Synsepalum kassneri Synsepalum subverticillatum Tarenna drummondii Toussaintia orientalis Uvariodendron anisatum Uvariodendron gorgonis Uvariodendron kirkii Vepris glandulosa Vepris sambruensis Vepris sansibarensis Vitellariopsis kirkii Vitex keniensis Vitex zanzibarensis Warbugia stuhlmannii Zimmermannia ovata CORALS, JELLYFISH and SEA ANEMONES Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 249 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 PAGE 250 Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Acropora coral Alveopora allingi Alveopora daedalea Alveopora fenestrata Alveopora sponglosa Astreopora expansa Blue Coral Bracket Coral Bubble Coral Cat’s Eye Cynarina coral Caulastrea connate Caulastrea tumida Cauliflower coral Closed Brain coral Crisp Pillow Coral Crust Coral Crust Coral Diploastrea Brain Coral Echinopora forskaliana Echinopora mammiformis Echinopora robusta Elegance coral Fungia curvata Fungia fungitea Goniastrea Columella Goniastrea deformis Goniastrea favulus Goniastrea minuta Goniastrea palauensis Goniastrea peresi Goniopara lobata Goniopora minor Goniopora stokesi Grape Coral Green Torch Coral Horastrea indica Hydnophora Coral Hydnophora Coral Isopora brueggemanni Isopora cuneate Isopora palifera NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 Knob Coral Knob Coral Knob Coral Knob Coral Knob Coral Knob Coral Knob Coral Knob Coral Least valley Leptoseris incrustans Montastrea annuligera Montastrea magnistellata Montastrea serageldini Montastrea valenciennesi Monitipora calcearea Monitipora caliculata Monitipora cryptus Monitipora efflorescens Monitipora effusa Monitipora foliosa Monitipora foveolata Monitipora nodosa Monitipora peltiformis Monitipora stilosa Monitipora undata Monitipora venosa Moon Coral Moon Coral Moon Coral Moon Coral Moon Coral Moon Coral Moon Coral Moon Coral Moon Coral Moon Coral Moon Coral Octopus coral Octopus Coral Open Brain Coral Organ Pipe Coral Oulophyllia crispa Pachyseris rugosa Pavona cactus Pavona decussate Pavona venosa NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 251 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2 3 4 PAGE 252 Pearl Bubble Coral Pectinia africanus Pectinia lactuca Platygyra acuta Platygyra carnosus Platygyra crosslandi Platygyra lamellina Plesiastrea devantieri Porites cyclindrica Porites echinulata Porites lobata Porites murrayensis Porites nigrescens Porites somaliaensis Psammocora contiqua Smooth cauliflower coral Starry cup coral Starry cup coral Starry cup coral Turbinaria coral Turbinaria coral Turbinaria coral SNAILS Bellamya constricta Bellamya costulata Bellamya jocunda Bellamya phthinotropis Bellamya trochearis Bellamya Tuna Bulinus hightoni Bulinus transversalis Burnupia crassistriata Burnupia stuhlmanni Cleopatra cridlandi Cleopatra exarata Gabbiella rosea Gulella snail Pila speciosa Subuliniscus arambourgi Thapsia buraensis Zingis radiolata CRUSTACEANS Deckenia imitatrix Deckenia mitis Potamoautes gerdalensis Potamoautes pilosus NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 5 Potamoautes platycentron 6 7 8 9 Potamoautes raybouldi Thrmodiaptomus galebodies Tropodiaptomus neumanni Tropodiaptomus stuhlmanni NWCS REPORT 2015-2017 PAGE 253